Hauv cov hnub nyoog dhau los, lub npe hu ua "Soviet" yog "lub tebchaws nyeem ntawv" tshaj plaws. Cov neeg loj thiab menyuam yaus kos cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm phau ntawv thiab ntu sau. Xov xwm huab cua loj tom tsev tom qab. Ntau cov ntawv xov xwm tau suav tias yog nrov heev, cov neeg ua ntawv thov rau lawv tau txwv lossis tsuas yog ua tau nrog "thauj khoom" (feem ntau nrog cov npe ntxiv ntawm cov ntawv hauv nruab nrab). Kuj muaj cov ntawv xov xwm zoo li no, rau kev nyeem ntawv uas muaj kab nyob ntawm cov neeg txheeb ze thiab cov neeg txheeb ze.
Cov ntawv nyiam hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas
"Cov Duab Lom Zem" yog Ameslikas npaj rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, uas feem ntau nyiam nyob hauv kev piav qhia dab neeg. Cov ntawv sau luv luv rau cov duab tau pom qhov txawv ntawm qhov lom zem thiab wit, nkag siab tau rau tus menyuam. Thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm "Cov Duab Lom Zem" tau luam tawm xyoo 1956 thiab, raws li nws muab tawm, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab tsis yog rau cov menyuam yaus nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog neeg laus. Cov dab neeg, paj huam, cov lus sib dhos thiab suav cov lus sib dhos tau pib luam tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm uas tau dhau los ua "tsev neeg". Kev sau ntawv raug nthuav tawm los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv Soviet zoo nkauj thiab cov menyuam yaus sau ntawv. Thaum xub thawj, kev tshaj tawm tau xav tias luv luv, nws tsis yooj yim rau npe rau nws. Tom qab qhov kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv xya xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, "Cov Duab Lom Zem" tau los ua txhua tus neeg.
Tsim los rau cov neeg tuaj saib ntawm cov menyuam yaus 6-12 xyoo sau phau ntawv xov xwm thiab kos duab xov xwm "Murzilka" tau tshwm sim xyoo 1924. Nws tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus yuam kev me me hav zoov tus txiv neej, tus phab ej ntawm cov menyuam yaus phau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Tus phab ej daj uas muaj lub koob yees duab tshaj nws lub xub pwg, ib daim liab liab thiab txoj phuam yog daim duab ntawm Murzilka, nrog cov nyeem tsawg txij li xyoo 1937. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshaj tawm txhua lub sijhawm tsuas yog muaj cov ntawv nyeem zoo rau cov menyuam yaus. Tau ntau xyoo dhau los ntawm nws cov hav zoov, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm "Murzilka" yog K. Chukovsky, A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, Y. Korinets thiab ntau lwm tus kws sau ntawv nto moo. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau txais txoj kev pom tseeb thiab nco qab ua tsaug rau qhov muaj tswv yim ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua duab.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm Soviet tau nyiam heev ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Pioneer" thiab "Koster", lawv tau saib lub siab luv mus rau hauv lub thawv xa ntawv, cia siab tias qhov xwm txheej tshiab. Ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm no, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov menyuam yaus tus kws tshaj lij tau luam tawm: E. Uspensky, L. Kassil, A. Aleksin thiab lwm tus. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem kawm ntau yam nthuav tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev tshaj tawm.
Cov hluas kev hlub thiab xav paub xav tau hloov hauv ntu ntawv. Lub sijhawm tabtom los txog "Peers" thiab "Cov Hluas". Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob rau sab hnub poob, tshwj xeeb rau lub caij nyoog Soviet, thiab cov suab paj nruag pob zeb tau npog hauv Covesnik, cov ntawv tshaj tawm cov hluas uas tau tshwm sim xyoo 1962. Qhov teeb meem loj-pov thawj ua tim khawv rau qhov nrov ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm.
Cov naj npawb ntawm Yunost tau nyeem los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas los ntawm kev npog. Lub hnub yug ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm no suav hais tias yog xyoo 1955, thawj tus thawj saib xyuas sau-ntawv yog tus sau V. Kataev, tom qab ntawd cov ntawv xov xwm kho dua tau los ntawm B. Polevoy, A. Dementyev. Ntau ntawm cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo thiab cov neeg tshiab, tau tshaj tawm nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm Yunost, tau pab cov neeg tiam Soviet loj hlob zuj zus.
Cov ntawv xov xwm rau cov laus
Tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig hauv tsev, kev tawm tswv yim los ntawm kws kho mob, kws kho kev puas siab ntsws thiab ntau yam ntxiv ntawm cov neeg nyiam hauv Is Taws Nem, tsev neeg Soviet tau kos npe rau ntau cov ntawv xov xwm. Cov poj niam nyiam "Rabotnitsa" thiab "Neeg pluag" tau nrov thaum lub sijhawm kaj ntug Soviet. Thaum xub thawj, lawv tsis tsuas qhia cov poj niam los tswj lub tsev, nce cov menyuam, tab sis kuj tau txais kev pab los ua txoj haujlwm ua nom tswv kom zoo ntawm kev sib deev ncaj ncees. Ntawm thawj cov kws sau tawm ntawm "Krestyanka" yog cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv Soviet N. Krupskaya, M. thiab A. Ulyanov, cov neeg sau ntawv nthuav tawm M. Gorky, S. Serafimovich thiab lwm tus. Tus "neeg ua haujlwm" tau tshwm sim ua ntej xyoo 1917, vim yog nws qhov kev tawm tsam kho kom zoo nws tau raug kev tsim txom los ntawm cov censors.
Nyob rau xyoo xya nees nkaum xyoo, cov ntawv xov xwm no tau ploj mus rau kev nom tswv. Cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv tau pib ua kom pom tseeb ntawm lawv cov nplooj ntawv, cov poj niam tau txais cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev. Cov niam tsev ua tau tag nrho cov ntawv ntim ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm nrog rau ntau yam zaub mov txawv, qauv khaub ncaws, xaws. Cov pawg sau tau los ua cov neeg pabcuam tseem ceeb rau tus niam tsev hauv tsev neeg lub neej.
Ntau tshaj ib tiam ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Lavxias nyeem nrog txaus siab rau cov neeg nyiam heev "Ogonyok", "yug" ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, xyoo 1899. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws yog qhov pheej yig thiab tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm yees duab khaws cia qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm nplooj ntawv. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm, uas tau tso tseg tsis ntev, tsis tau hloov pauv tus yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg rau lub sijhawm nrov no.
Nyob hauv tus editor A. Surkov, Ogonyok style tau tsim: daim duab uas yuav tsum tau ua ntawm tus txiv neej Soviet nto moo rau saum lub hau, paj huam, dab neeg lossis zaj dab neeg uas pom los nrog ntxiv txuas ntxiv, duab thaij duab qaim xim. Cov neeg hauv Soviet coob heev tuaj yeem paub txog lub ntiaj teb cov txuj ci ntawm kev coj noj coj ua los ntawm kev sau tawm ntawm "tab" mus rau "Ogonyok". Cov ntawv tshaj tawm muaj cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau nws cov neeg nyeem, yog li ntawd hu ua "Qiv Ntawv". Nws tau tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov dab neeg zoo tshaj plaws, paj huam thiab cov ncauj lus. Cov tsev neeg khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm nrov, cov lus tawm tswv yim hauv cov nplooj ntawv feem ntau suav hais tias yog kev tso cai, cov nkauj tau tsim los ntawm cov duab piv txwv, cov kev tshaj tawm xov xwm tau dai rau ntawm phab ntsa.
Cov ntawv luam tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij nyoog Soviet tau pom tias yog "Khej", uas tau paub qhov txawv ntawm nws lub ntsej muag ntse thiab hnyav. Thawj lub xyoo ntawm nws cov hav zoov, cov ntawv xov xwm no tau hais tsis zoo txog kev tsim txom lub neej bourgeois, tom qab ntawd dhau los ua ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua bureaucrats, hucksters, kev xiab nyiaj xoom, kev xiam lav, kev haus cawv, thiab lwm yam. Lub ntsiab lus satirical ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm "Khej" raug qhia tawm hauv cov duab kos uas nyob hauv feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Tus kws sau ntawv tau sau paj lug zoo nkauj, duab kos duab. Hauv TV, "Fitil" cov ntawv xov xwm tau dhau los ua "sawv cev" rau "Khej".
Cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Shukshin thiab Aitmatov, Bondarev thiab Sholokhov, Rasputin thiab Granin, thiab ntau lwm cov chav kawm ntawm Soviet cov ntawv nyeem tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv Roman-Gazeta. Qee tsev neeg tseem khaws cov ntawv txuas ntxiv no. Cov ntawv xov xwm “Novy Mir”, “Znamya”, “Oktyabr” tau raug “tua tsiaj”, sim tau txais ib qho xaj yuav. Tus Seeker, uas luam tawm ua yeeb yam kev tshawb fawb, muaj qhov muaj nuj nqis tiag tiag rau cov neeg nyeem Soviet.
Cov ceg tuam txhab science muaj lawv cov ntawv luam tawm. Cov ntawv teev npe nrov hauv kev tshawb fawb xws li "Cov Txuj Ci rau Cov Hluas", "Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Lub Neej", "Kev Paub yog Lub Zog" muaj nyob rau hauv kev xav tau. Ib txoj hauv kev rau cov kev tshawb pom tshwm sim los ua kom muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg nyeem ntawv, tsim cov duab ntawm ib tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg.
