Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm, lo lus nug tau tshwm sim txog lawv qhov kev nyab xeeb hauv kev sau tus kheej thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv. Thiab cov kauj ruam tom ntej pov thawj yog qhov tsim muaj ntawm lub ex-libris - ib qho cim tshwj xeeb uas tau muab los yog luam los ntawm tus tswv ntawm sab hauv ntawm phau ntawv npog.
Ex libris keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees hauv 16 xyoo pua, yuav luag tam sim ntawd tom qab tsim muaj kev luam ntawv. Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov "ntawv qhia" muaj nyob hauv qab Peter 1. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub xyoo pua xeem, tsis tshua muaj tus thawj cov ntawv ntawm Solovetsky Monastery, sau hnub rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tau pom. Lawv pleev xim rau phau ntawv.
Xws li cov phau ntawv sib txawv
Cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud tuaj yeem muab tso rau sab hauv ntawm phau ntawv, los yog raug luam tawm uas siv cov ntawv luam tshwj xeeb - lawv tau ua rau hauv ntau ntau raws li cov neeg xaj. Muaj txawm tias ntau yam ntawm bookmark npe ua superexlibris, qhov twg ib qhov luam tawm tau ua rau tus txha nraub qaum ntawm phau ntawv.
Cov ex-libris feem ntau muaj tus tswv lub npe thiab feem ntau tau ntxiv los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev nyiam. Yog tias ib tus tuaj yeem kos cov qauv zoo li no, tom qab ntawv phau ntawv yog tus thawj ntawm lub cim hluav taws xob, uas tau muab tso rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv virtual, lossis lub tsev tso dej.
Ex-librises yuav yooj yim thiab unpretentious, los yog heev ntse thiab ua nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qee zaum lawv tsuas yog daim ntawv lo nrog tus tswv lub npe, nws qhov kos npe, cov paib yooj yim uas tus tswv ua muab luam tawm. Qee qhov xwm txheej, nws tau ntxiv nrog cov lus qhuab qhia tus kheej lossis cim nrog lub cim.
Kuj tseem muaj cov duab kos tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm qub. Lawv raug tsim los siv cov txheej txheem siab (rau lub sijhawm ntawd) thev naus laus zis thiab tau luam ntawv me me ntawm cov tooj liab lossis ntoo. Hauv lawv qhov chaw ua khoom siv, txoj kev siv roj lithium lossis zincographic siv tau. Ntawm cov sau phau ntawv ntawm txoj kev dhau ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, nws tsim nyog hais txog Albrecht Durer thiab Favorsky.
Hom ntawm ex-libris
Cov kws tshaj lij faib cov phau ntawv rau:
- lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab - lawv piav qhia lub tsho tiv no ntawm tus kheej ntawm tus tswv, nyob rau hauv Russia muaj qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom zoo li no thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg, uas tsis muaj sijhawm lossis tsis xav mus ua emigrate;
- monogram - yooj yim dua, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb, cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm tus tswv tau qhia ntawm lawv;
- zajlus - thaj ua rau thaj av ntawm thaj chaw, cim ua kab ke, kos duab tau siv nyob ntawm no (lawv tau nrov tshaj thaum xyoo pua nees nkaum).
Tam sim no, thaum ntau tus neeg sau tsis yog ntawv, tab sis cov khoom hluav taws xob hauv tsev qiv ntawv, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ex-libris poob. Txawm hais tias, vim tias cov phau ntawv tiag tiag siv tsawg dua thiab tsawg dua, nws yog qhov ua tau tias lub cim npe kos duab yuav rov qab los ua kev zoo li hom khoom plig rau lub sijhawm dhau los.
Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias twb muaj ob lub ex-libris tsev cia puav pheej, ib qho yog nyob hauv Moscow. Thiab muaj ntau phav phav tus sau cov phau ntawv me me no.
