Lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua loj rau thaum Lub Xya Hli 15, 1410, cov tub rog tiv thaiv tebchaws Polish-Lithuanian cov tub rog tau tua yeej cov tub rog ntawm Teutonic Order - lub xeev muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv nruab nrab sab Europe. Nres txoj kev loj hlob ntawm German mus rau sab hnub tuaj thiab muab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv dag zog rau Slavic statehood, Tsov Rog ntawm Grunwald tau nkag mus hauv lub ntiaj teb chronicle raws li ib qho kev tshwm sim uas tau hloov cov chav hauv keeb kwm European.
Cov neeg sau keeb kwm ntawm txhua lub sijhawm, Kev Ua Rog ntawm Grunwald raug lees paub tias yog kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub caij nyoog nruab nrab, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov uas cuam tshuam txoj hauv kev ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm Eastern Europe. Qhov no yog kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb ntawm "Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj" nyob rau xyoo pua 15, uas yog kev sib cav sib ceg thiab tub rog ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Russia hauv kev sib koom tes nrog Lub Tebchaws Poland, ntawm ib sab, thiab Teutonic Order ntawm lub Knights, ntawm lwm qhov, tau daws.
Lub tshav rog, uas tau tshwm sim rau Lub Xya Hli 15, 1410, tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov zos ntawm Grunwald, Tannenberg thiab Ludwigsdorf (niaj hnub no nws yog thaj chaw ntawm Polish lub zos ntawm Ulnovo, Stembark thiab Lodwigovo). Yog li ntawd, kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm hu ua kev sib txawv. Lo lus German Grunwald txhais tau tias "ntsuab teb". Lithuania txhais nws cov lus ua Zalgiris (Ntsuab Hav Zoov). Los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov chaw nyob ze Dombruvno (Fir Hill), Belarusian chroniclers hu nws Dubrovenskaya. Hauv tebchaws Ntsaws Mes Nis, kev sib ntaus sib tua yog hu ua Tannenberg. Feem ntau lees txais lub npe yog Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Grunwald.
Cov tub rog German tabtom sim muab cov xwm txheej no rau oblivion, txij li qhov kev yeej ntawm cov tub rog uas yog neeg tua neeg txhais tau hais tias qhov nres ntawm Drang nach Osten (tawm mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj) thiab qhov poob ntawm lub qub qub ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Cov neeg Slavic ua rau lub cim xeeb ntawm yeej txoj kev yeej hauv qab Grunwald, uas tau tso cai rau lawv los ua lawv tus kheej los ua lub zog tub rog-kev nom kev tswv hauv Tebchaws Europe sab hnub tuaj thiab xaus yuav luag ob pua xyoo ntawm kev sib cav nrog Teutons.
Ntsuab teb
Grunwald hnub no yog ib lub zos me me nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob teb chaws Poland hauv Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. Ib qho stele tsim nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm cov yeej, coj los ntawm kwv tij txheeb ze Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Alexander Vitovt thiab King ntawm Poland Vladislav Yagailo, nco txog cov xwm txheej dhau los. Thiab tseem muaj pob zeb loj loj rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus yeeb ncuab swb - tus thawj coj ntawm cov vaj tswv tuav lub Grand Master ntawm Lub Tebchaws Ulrich von Jungingen.
Tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb xyuas keeb kwm tau pom ib rab ntaj hauv qhov chaw khawb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm khoom siv keeb kwm keeb kwm. Cov khoom cuav, uas tau lain hauv av rau ntau tshaj 600 xyoo, kuj ceeb tias zoo khaws cia (nws yog qhov haum, muaj qhov ntev ntawm 1.2 m thiab qhov hnyav ntawm 1.5 kg).
Txhua xyoo, lub hlis thaum lub Xya Hli, Green Forest tau ciaj sia los. Hauv kev nco txog qhov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm kev ua tub rog hauv European, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau raug tsim los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm 1,500 lub zog rov qab. Cov txais ntawm lub yeeb koob ntawm Grunwald, nqa lub chij ntawm lawv thaj av, sib ntaus nrog cov tub rog uas yog neeg qaum ntuj.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua
Cov ntawv qhia cov phau ntawv hais txog Kev Tawm Tsam ntawm Grunwald nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem nrov thiab tsev kawm keeb kwm phau ntawv yog laconic heev. Lub caij nyoog ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab kev txheeb xyuas ntawm lawv qhov tseem ceeb tau muab rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog keeb kwm thiab cov neeg hauv cheeb tsam.
Ib qho ntawm cov txhim khu kev qha tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm kev paub yog suav hais tias daim ntawv sau ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th txoj cai "Chronicle ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Vladislav, Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Poland, nrog cov crusaders hauv xyoo Christ 1410". Cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws txog cov xwm txheej tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tshav rog ntawm Grunwald yog muab rau hauv kev ua haujlwm voluminous sau los ntawm medieval chronicler Janusz Dlugosz. Raws li tus tub ntawm ib qho ntawm cov koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, nws tau sau ntawv los ntawm cov lus ntawm nws txiv.
Ntawm cov duab kos duab: kos duab "Keeb Kwm ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb" los ntawm Martin Belsky, yos los ntawm 16th caug xyoo, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Schilling Salaturn los ntawm "Berner Chronicle", Angus McBride's painting "Knight of the Teutonic Order, Attacked los ntawm Lithuanian Horse Archers Cov. 1410 ".
Cov rog ntawm ob tog
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev ntsuas qhov sib npaug ntawm cov rog thiab kev tshawb xyuas cov kev tawm tsam, Kev Ua Tsov Rog ntawm Grunval tau tshwj xeeb, ob leeg ntawm cov neeg koom nrog thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog siv. Raws li kev kwv yees suav hauv cov kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian cov tub rog suav txog 39 txhiab tus neeg. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Teutonic Order yog 32 txhiab tus neeg. Thaum lub sijhawm, cov no yog cov lej loj. Cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog uas xub tawm tsam tau sib sau ua ke thiab nruab nrog txoj kev sib txawv.
Cov tub rog ntawm Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Tebchaws Poland Vladislav thiab Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Vitovt tau suav nrog 91 tus chij (ib qho tshwj xeeb kev sib ntaus nrog lub chij): 40 Lithuanian regiments, 51 Tus tub rog Polish. Cov tub rog ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Tebchaws Poland suav nrog tus tub rog nyob hauv tub rog txog 15 txhiab tus neeg caij tsheb. Lithuanian cov chav nyob tau rau feem ntau tsim raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov av los ntawm cov tub rog tau ua teb: 11 cov poj koob yawg koob Lithuanian, 7 regiments los ntawm Samogitia, thiab lwm yam. Qee tus (xws li Drogichinskaya, Melnitskaya) tau sib xyaw (Tatars, Moravians, Czechs, Moldovans, Armenians, Volokhs thiab ntau lwm haiv neeg). Rusichi (pog koob yawg koob ntawm Belarusians niaj hnub, neeg Lavxias, Ukrainians) tau ua tiav 7 Polish thiab 13 Lithuanian tus chij hauv qab daim chij ntawm lawv thaj av (Smolensk, Vitebsk, Pinsk, Volokovysk, Kiev, Grodno, thiab lwm yam).
Lub zog Teutonic, coj los ntawm Grand Tswv ntawm qhov xaj, Ulrich von Jungingen, tau muaj ntau me dua nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab ntau qhov chaw ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv ntau. Ntau tshaj 4 txhiab knights sib ntaus hauv qab txoj cai 51st, nrog tib tus naj npawb ntawm knights thiab zaum. Cov kwv tij-tub rog ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees (muaj li ntawm 500 leej) tau coj mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm Order Order Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrod. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm tau mercenaries los ntawm thoob plaws teb chaws Europe thiab los ntawm Askiv. Ntxiv rau kev ua rau me nyuam mos thiab tub rog, Lub Teutons muaj ntau dua 4 txhiab tus neeg tua hneev thiab cov foob pob tawg uas tau tua cov pob zeb thiab cov phom loj yog cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo thiab muaj cov tub rog tau raug cais los ntawm cov koom haum siab thiab kev qhuab qhia nruj. Cov tub rog Crusader tau ua haujlwm zoo dua li ntawm Allied cov tub rog.
Kev poob ntawm ob sab yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov tub rog Teutonic poob 8000 tus neeg, 14000 tus raug mob. Ntawm cov neeg raug tua, ib nrab ntawm cov kwv tij tub rog thiab txhua tus neeg ncaj ncees ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm. Poob ntawm cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian - txog 5,000 tua thiab ntau tshaj 8,000 tus neeg raug mob. Ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj thiab Cov Thawj Coj tau tso lawv lub taub hau rau hauv Green Field.
Cov neeg poj koob yawm txwv "lizards" tiv thaiv grey "grandmasters"
Kev ua tiav lossis ua tiav ntawm kev ua tub rog feem ntau nyob ntawm cov cwm pwm ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog thiab kev txiav txim siab lub tswv yim lossis kev tawm tsam lawv ua. Thiab Kev Sib Tw ntawm Grunwalsk tsis muaj kev zam. Cov lus sibtham ntawm Teutons pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm muaj kev taw qhia tias "nws tsis tuaj yeem lees ua raws li cov kev ua haujlwm tsis tseeb uas tau siv thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Polish-Lithuanian cov tub rog, Vytautas."
Thiab cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Slavs nyob hauv lawv cov ntawv sau cia them nyiaj rau cov txuj ci ntawm Prussian knights. Tus Thawj Tswv Loj ntawm Qhov Kev Txom Nyem, Heinrich von Plauen, tau tswj hwm txoj kev npaj zoo tshaj plaws rau nws lub peev hauv txoj hauv kev uas 2-lub hlis dhau los ntawm kev ua siab loj ntawm Malbork los ntawm Litvin tsis ua tiav.
Grandmaster yog qeb siab tshaj plaws hauv pawg tub rog qib siab ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab. Tab sis lo lus no tau siv tsis yog hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov ntsuas ntawm lub npe. Sab ntsuj plig-knightly kev txiav txim, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th hauv Palestine, tau tsim tsa nws tus kheej hauv Tebchaws Europe. Cov tub rog knights uas tau tawm ntawm Crusades, zoo li tej daim hauv chess games, tau siv los ntawm "grandmasters" - European lub zog ntaus cov pagans rau hloov mus rau lawv txoj kev ntseeg. Raws li rau cov neeg Lithuania thiab Poles, ntev ntev ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Grunwald, xyoo 1397, cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm tebchaws Lithuanian, cov kwv tij Alexander Vitovt thiab Vladislav Jagailo koom nrog Pab Koomtes Polish ntawm Lizardmen. Cov koom txoos zais cia, uas muaj cov nom tswv ntawm thaj av Chelmin, tau tawm tsam kom muaj kev ywj pheej los ntawm kev ntseeg thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm kev xav ntawm Teutonic Order. Yog li ntawd, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1410 yog qhov tseem ceeb hu ua kev ua rog ntawm Great Lithuanian "lizards" thiab grey "grandmasters".
Grunval swords thiab chij
Lub Swords ntawm Grunwald dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Arym ntawm Kev Cog Lus thiab lub alliance ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj thiab Crown. Hnub uas nco txog Lub Xya hli ntuj 15, 1410, Teutonic cov neeg sawv cev uas tuaj txog ntawm lub hauv paus chaw huaj lwm ntawm Lavxias-Lithuanian cov tub rog tau daig ob rab ntaj liab qab rau hauv av ntawm pem hauv ntej ntawm Slavic monarchs. Nws yog qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua: los ntawm Tus Thawj Huab Tais ntawm Jungingen rau King Vladislav thiab los ntawm Grand Marshal Wallenrod mus rau Grand Duke Vitovt. Xws li tus tes taw taw tau hais tias hauv lub caij nyoog nruab nrab yog kev thuam thiab xav tau cov lus teb tam sim. Tom qab yeej, cov ntaj los ua Jagiello tus yeej thiab tom qab ua tus cwj pwm ntawm lub coronation ntawm Polish monarchs. Ntawm Monument mus rau Vladislav Jagaila (Jagiellon) tus yeej, tus vajntxwv Polish tuav ob rab ntaj Grunwald nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes, ua lub cim qhia txog kev kov yeej ntawm kev koom tes ntawm Tebchaws Poland thiab Lithuania.
Hauv cov txheej txheem khoom plig ntawm Cov Tub Rog Pej Xeem - qhov kev txiav txim ntawm "Grunwald Hla" thiab cov paib "Shield ntawm Grunwald".
Cov lus qhuab qhia tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Lithuania yog nyob hauv cov tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm lub xeev niaj hnub: Vitis (Lithuania) thiab Pahonya (Belarus).
Cov neeg caij tus cwj pwm - kev tiv thaiv azure ntaub thaiv nrog Jagiellonian rau-taw tus ntoo khaub lig - tuaj yeem nrhiav tau nyob hauv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm cov nom tswv hauv cheeb tsam hauv nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Yog tias nyob hauv tsev neeg heraldry muaj "Kev caum qab", nws txhais tau hais tias tsev neeg "tau los ua kev sib raug zoo" nrog cov poj koob yawg koob hauv tebchaws rov qab nyob rau xyoo pua 15.
Nyob hauv kev nco neeg
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshwm sim tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tsis yog los ntawm keeb kwm kev ua haujlwm, tab sis kuj los ntawm qhov cim xeeb ntawm nws hla lub xyoo thiab ntau pua xyoo.
Qhia qhov tseeb ntawm lub "Great Battle":
- Lub tuam tsev zeb tuam tsev tau tsim tsa thaum xyoo 1902 hauv Krakow thiab tau mob siab rau 500 xyoos ntawm txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua.
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Cov duab puab txheej txheem hauv cov nroog Polish ntawm Gdansk thiab kos npe ntawm kev nco txog hauv lub nroog Volkovysk (Belarus).
Cov paib cim -
Tus kws ua yeeb yam Polish Jan Matejka xyoo 1878 tau pleev xim rau ib daim duab loj "Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Grunwald" (ua haujlwm loj 10m x 4m), uas yog nthuav tawm hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej loj hauv lub tebchaws.
Daim duab -
Daim duab tha xim hauv 1: 1 nplai loj tau txiav ntoo los ntawm ntoo los ntawm tus kws ntoo Polish Jan Papina, uas tau mob siab rau nws txoj haujlwm rau 600 xyoo ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Grunwald. Ib daim qauv theej ntawm daim duab ua haujlwm no yog khaws cia hauv Museumd Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Weaving. 30 zoo tshaj plaws Polish embroiderers tau ua haujlwm rau nws tau 3 xyoo. Vaj huam sib luag paj ntaub loj, ua tiav tiav cov zajlus ntawm daim duab, muaj 40 seem thiab muaj 220 xim. Cov txheej txheem, raws li tus kws tsim txuj ci ua haujlwm, hauv cov ntawv luam tawm muaj 50 phau ntawv (los ntawm 20 txog 77 nplooj ntawv txhua).
cov ntawv luam ntawm cov xim pleev xim rau hauv ntaub thiab ntoo - Hauv Lithuania, cov koom haum kis las hauv tebchaws (ntaus pob thiab ncaws pob) yog npe hu ua algiris. Xyoo 2011, zaj yeeb yaj kiab “Zalgiris - Hlau Hnub” raug kaw cia. Los ntawm sab ntawm lub dav hlau ya mus txog Vilnius, ib qho tuaj yeem pom ib qho loj loj (51m x 60m) inscription Žalgiris 600. Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov ntoo xaiv nyob rau hauv txoj kev uas nws nyeem tau txhua lub sijhawm.
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Hauv peb lub tebchaws, hnub tim Lub Xya Hli 15, 1410 muaj nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm kev nco txog kev tub rog-keeb kwm hnub. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm-chronicle ntawm G. Khrushchov-Sokolnikov "Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Grunval lossis Slavs thiab cov neeg German" (1889) tau mob siab rau cov xwm txheej ntawm European medieval keeb kwm, keeb kwm tshiab los ntawm G. Senkevich "The Crusaders" thiab lub yeeb yam zaj duab xis ntawm tib lub npe (1960) raug suav hais tias yog classics ntawm lwm yam. Ntawm kev txaus siab yog K. Tarasov phau ntawv "The Pursuit of Grunwald", luam tawm xyoo 1984 Cov Lus Teev los ntawm P. Kukolnik thiab lwm yam. Cov thawb thiab cov khoos phis tawj tau npaj rau cov menyuam yaus.
qhov chaw ntawm kev paub sib ntaus sib tua
Tsis deb ntawm Minsk, nyob hauv lub nroog Dudutki, qhov rov qab kho dua txhua xyoo nyob rau hauv lub npe "Peb Grunwald" yuav siv qhov chaw.
Cov xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm kev ua koob tsheej ib txwm sib sau ntau ntawm cov neeg saib. Tub rog-keeb kwm cov koom haum hauv tebchaws Poland thiab Lithuania, Belarus thiab Ukraine, Russia thiab lwm lub tebchaws, uas tshuav nqi lawv lub xeev tam sim no txog rau ntawm kev yeej ntawm Grunwald, tau koom nrog hauv kev sib tw ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo.
