Raws li Suav keeb kwm, ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv 105 AD, thaum keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv pib ntau ntau ua ntej, thaum ntxov li 6 txhiab BC. Thaum xub thawj, cov neeg thaum ub siv cov khoom siv ntuj tsim los sau ntawv, qee cov ntawv sau ncaj qha rau ntawm cov pob zeb, tom qab ntawd ntau haiv neeg (Egyptians, Sumerians, cov neeg Greek thiab cov neeg Loos) tau pib tsim cov ntawv sau lawv tus kheej. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav txheeb xyuas 2 pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau kev sau ntawv thaum ub.
Khoom siv khoom
Cov pab pawg no suav nrog: pob zeb, hlau, pob txha, ntoo, ceramics. Kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov ntawv sau thaum ub ntawm cov khoom tawv yog hu ua epigraphy. Cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws los ntawm cov neeg feem coob tau ntoo thiab pob zeb. Thaum xub thawj, ntoo qhib thiab cov ntoo linden tau siv, tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib ua daim tawv dawb, npog nrog ib txheej ntawm plaster. Nws yog nthuav tias cov ntawv Latin liber, uas txhais tau tias "phau ntawv" hauv kev txhais lus, muaj lwm lub ntsiab lus - ntoo qhib. Yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb tau txiav txim siab ntseeg tias phau ntawv Dais Npe no, vim tias cov neeg laus tau sau nws ntawm ntoo.
Ntau hlau kuj tau siv los sau cia. Piv txwv li, cov neeg Greek thaum ub tau sau khawv koob sau rau ntawm cov phiaj hlau me kom ntshai tau cov dab phem. Cov neeg Loos muab cov kev cai lij choj thiab txiav txim ntawm Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj ntawm cov phiaj tooj. Cov tub rog qub tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws Roman, thaum lawv so haujlwm, tau txais qee yam zoo li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov cai muaj cai, uas tseem tau kos ntawm ob lub phiaj hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv tseem tau kawm yuav ua li cas ua inlaid inscriptions los ntawm kev ntxig cov ntawv los ntawm cov hlau mus rau hauv kev nyuaj siab rau lub hlau lossis pob zeb Xav tau los txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm solemnity, tus kws tsim txuj ci Roman siv ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab kev xaiv rau lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke: cov ntawv tooj liab ntawm lub pob zeb, nyiaj ntawm tooj liab, kub ntawm nyiaj.
Cov ntaub ntawv mos
Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj kuj siv tau ruaj khov, tab sis kuj nyuaj rau siv. Txhua tus mob stroke siv sijhawm thiab siv zog ntau heev. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg puag thaum ub tau los nrog ntau txoj kev sau los ntawm lwm tus, ntau dua xis thiab cov ntaub ntawv muag. Cov lus sau ua rau ntawm cov khoom mos yog hu ua cov ntawv sau, thiab kev tshawb fawb uas kawm lawv yog duab liab qab.
Thawj lub thev naus laus zis ua papyrus tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv. Lawv tswj tau ua kom nws nyias nyias nyias thiab dawb, txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm dhau los nws tended tig daj. Tom qab ntawv ib daim ntawv ntawm papyrus tau lo rau hauv cov ntawv yob, qhov ntev tshaj plaws yog Harris's papyrus, txog 45 m.
Cov neeg nyob hauv Mesopotamia feem ntau siv av nplaum rau sau ntawv, uas muaj ntau ntawm lawv thaj chaw nyob. Los ntawm nws lawv ua cov ntsiav tshuaj (33 * 32 cm, 2.5 cm tuab), uas cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no hu ua ntsiav tshuaj. Hauv ancient Is Nrias teb, xibtes nplooj tau qhuav, thiab hauv Suav teb cov silk tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv sau ntawv. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, cov txheej txheem ntoo kuj tau siv, uas tau siv nrog siv quav ciab.
Tab sis tej zaum ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muag feem ntau yog parchment, uas pib ua rau hauv Pergamon lub nceeg vaj hauv lub xyoo pua 2 BC. los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov menyuam yaus, menyuam yaj thiab menyuam nyuj. Lub thev naus laus zis rau kev ua parchment yog qhov tseem kim thiab siv zog, tab sis cov khoom siv tau muag, yoog raws thiab tsis nkig, tsis zoo li papyrus, thiab dua li, nws muaj peev xwm sau ntawm nws los ntawm ob sab.
