Cov Hnub Nyoog Bronze yog lub sijhawm nyob hauv tib neeg keeb kwm thaum cov khoom lag luam tooj liab tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lub caij nyoog ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Bronze txawv ntawm kab lis kev cai mus rau kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis feem ntau, nws pib hnub tim rov qab mus txog xyoo 35 thiab 33. BC, thiab ua tiav - los ntawm 13th-11 ib-paus xyoo. BC.
Cov khoom ua los ntawm tooj dag - qhov sib txuas ntawm tooj liab los ntawm tin - hloov tooj liab. Bronze melts ntawm qhov kub tsawg dua li tooj liab, thiab cov khoom lag luam ua los ntawm nws yog ntau ruaj. Cov tsos ntawm cov khoom lag luam bronze tau pab txhawb kev txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev lag luam feem ntau, uas ua rau muaj kev rov tshwm sim ntawm thawj lub xeev - cov no yog kev vam meej hauv tebchaws Mesopotamia, Egypt, Syria, thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Mediterranean. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau thaj chaw nyob qhov twg txoj kev uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los - Hnub nyoog Eneolithic thiab Copper - raug tshwj tseg.
Cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom
Hais txog cov tsos ntawm cov cuab yeej tooj dag ntawm kev ua haujlwm, ib qho yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias lawv kiag li pob zeb xav tau - thaum lub sijhawm Bronze Hnub nyoog tag nrho, ob qho cuab yeej tau siv tib yam nkaus. Hauv qee hom kev ua haujlwm, cov cuab yeej pob zeb tau zoo dua rau cov tooj dag hauv lawv cov kev ua tau zoo - txawm tias thaum pib ntawm Lub Caij Hlau, cov roj limestone uas cov Iyiv pyramids tau tsim tau ua tiav nrog cov cuab yeej zeb, tooj yog mos heev ua rau hlau rau qhov no Cov. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tso nyiaj ntawm cov hlau tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tooj liab yog tsis muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw.
Thawj cov cuab yeej tooj dag tau ua qauv tom qab pob zeb. Piv txwv li, feem ntau cov bronze tam sim taus - lub tiaj tiaj - zoo li lub pob zeb zoo lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov duab tuaj tshwm nrog ib rab hlau forged ntawm ob sab, qhov tshwm sim uas tau tsim los kom nruj dua txuas lub taus rau lub pas ntoo. Cov hmuv tooj liab txhim kho zoo ib yam nkaus Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias qee cov ntsiab lus, tau poob lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, nyob twj ywm ua cov khoom zoo nkauj - piv txwv li, rivets ntawm cov hmuv.
Kos duab
Cov kos duab ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Bronze tsis tau tau txog qhov tseem ceeb ywj pheej. Nws yog ze rau kev ntseeg. Cov feem ntau txheej txheem yog thov kos duab.
Hauv ntau kab lis kev cai ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Bronze, cov ceramics tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - piv txwv, hauv Mesopotamia. Ceramic cov khoom lag luam tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ornaments coj tus kheej lub ntsiab lus mythological: poj niam cov duab nrog ntws cov plaub hau, cov duab ntoo khaub lig-cim duab ua lub hnub ci.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub architecture ntawm ib qho kev vam meej tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas muaj nyob hauv ib thaj av. Nyob hauv Mesopotamia, nws yog av nplaum, uas cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog architecture, tab sis kuj sau ntawv: nws yooj yim los nyem cov npoo zoo li tus cim rau ntawm cov av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj nrog tus pas, yog li cuneiform sau sawv. Ib lub thav duab ua pob zeb nyoos tau tsim los ntawm no, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim tsa cov tuam tsev loj thiab cov palaces. Lawv tau txiav cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws - ntoo thiab pob zeb. Cov neeg Iyiv yog cov cij txiv ntoo nyoos tsuas yog qhov kawg ntawm Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze, tab sis cov tais diav ntim chaws Iyiv yog laus dua li Mesopotamian.
Hauv Tebchaws Europe, Hnub nyoog Bronze koom nrog kev vam meej ntawm Minoan kev vam meej uas muaj nyob hauv Crete. Monument nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Minoan kab lis kev cai yog lub Palace ntawm Knossos, txawv los ntawm nws cov quirky architecture thiab complex layout. Lub xim tsev nyob rau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub palace piav qhia txog tsiaj, noog, nroj tsuag, tib neeg ua ntau yam kab ke. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas ntawm tib neeg cov nuj nqis ntawm cov khoom pua ntoo tsis yog ib qho zoo li qub - lawv tag nrho cov kev mus los. Ib yam muaj peev xwm hais tau rau cov xwm txheej ntau dhau los uas pom hauv lub palace.
Hauv 12-13th ib-paus xyoo. BC. ntau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Bronze tsis sib haum lossis hloov pauv, cov neeg thoj nam neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov neeg muaj chaw nyob. Lub sijhawm no, kev txhim kho hlau pib, uas dhau sijhawm yuav nias cov cuab yeej tooj. Bronze Hnub nyoog xaus thiab Hlau Hnub Nyoog pib.
