Opera yog ib hom ntawm cov nkauj hu nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog embodied los ntawm suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam, feem ntau yog vocals. Opera ua ib daim qauv kos duab tau tshwm sim hauv ltalis hauv 16th caug xyoo. Ntau yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag Opera tau tsim kho thaum lub sijhawm.
Cov Lus Qhia
Kauj ruam 1
Tus neeg hu nkauj seev cev tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Fabkis hauv 17-18th centuries raws li daim ntawv ntawm lub tsev hais plaub kos duab. Nws muab cov lej ua las voos nrog ntau cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam seev cev nrog ntau qhov ua yeeb yam uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog txhua yam hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm zajlus. Los ntawm Xyoo pua puv 19, qhov kev ua yeeb yam no tau ploj mus ntawm theem, tab sis tus neeg ballets tshwm nyob ntau pua xyoo tom ntej. Opera-ballets suav nrog Jean Philippe Rameau's Gallant Is Nrias teb, André Campra's Gallant Tebchaws Europe thiab Venetian Hnub So.
Kauj ruam 2
Comic opera thaum kawg coj cov duab los ua ib hom ntawv nyeem thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th thiab tau ntsib cov kev xav tau ntawm cov koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov cwj pwm yooj yim ntawm cov cim, kev taw qhia txog kev sau nkauj nkauj, kev nkauj mos, lub zog ntawm kev ua thiab cov ntsiab lus comedic. Cov neeg sau ua yeeb yaj kiab tsoos tau muaj qee yam cim ntawm lub teb chaws. Italian (opera-buffa) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm parody, cov phiaj xwm txhua hnub, cov nkauj yooj yim thiab cov buffoonery. Fab Kis cov neeg ua yeeb yam tso ua ke nrog cov lej suab paj nruag nrog cov ntu hais lus. Lub Singspiel (hom lus German thiab Austrian) tseem muaj cov lus sib tham hauv xov tooj ntxiv rau cov suab paj nruas. Lub suab nkauj ntawm singspiel yog yooj yim, cov ntsiab lus yog raws li kev kawm txhua hnub. Ballad opera (ib hom ntawv Askiv ntawm comic opera) cuam tshuam nrog lus Askiv cov lus tso dag tso luag, uas suav nrog cov neeg seev cev. Nyob rau hauv hom ntawv cov ntsiab lus, nws yog feem ntau ib qho kev lom zem satire. Cov ntawv sau ua lus Mev ntawm cov neeg nyiam ua yeeb yaj kiab (tonadilla) tau pib los ua nkauj thiab ua las voos hauv kev ua yeeb yam, thiab tom qab ntawd tau tsim tawm mus ua ib qho kev cais. Cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab uas nto moo tshaj yog “Falstaff” los ntawm G. Verdi thiab “Tus neeg thov khawv ntawm Opera” los ntawm J. Gay.
Kauj ruam 3
Opera ntawm txoj kev cawm seej tshwm sim hauv Fabkis thaum kawg ntawm 18th caug xyoo. Nws nthuav tawm qhov tseeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Great Fabkis Revolution. Cov phiaj xwm hauv lub cev thiab cov ua yeeb yam nthuav tawm ua ke nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam comic thiab suab paj nruag. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm Opera ntawm txoj kev cawm seej feem ntau yog ua raws li kev cawm ntawm tus neeg tseem ceeb lossis nws tus hlub ntawm kev poob cev qhev. Nws yog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg lub cev, cov txwv tsis pub muaj kev ntseeg ntau, kev teev hawm tus kheej, kev kawm niaj hnub (raws li txwv tsis pub dhau los hais txog txheej thaum ub). Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws yog Fidelio los ntawm Ludwig van Beethoven, Qhov Kev Ntshai ntawm lub Tsev Teev Ntuj los ntawm Henri Montand Burton, Eliza thiab Ob Hnub los ntawm Luigi Cherubini.
Kauj ruam 4
Kev ua yeeb yam hais txog Romantic thaum chiv thawj hauv xyoo 1820. Nws libretto ua raws li cov phiaj xwm hlub thiab txawv los ntawm mysticism. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj tshaj yog Karl Maria von Weber. Hauv nws cov neeg ua yeeb yam "Sylvanas", "Dawb Shooter", "Oberon", cov peculiarities ntawm cov ntawv nyeem no qhia meej meej raws li lub teb chaws German ntau yam kev ua haujlwm.
Kauj ruam 5
Lub Grand Opera tau tsim nws tus kheej raws li lub ntsiab hauv kev ntaus suab paj nruag hauv tiam 19th. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov nplai ntawm qhov nqis tes ua, cov phiaj xwm keeb kwm, thiab cov yeeb yuj zoo nkauj. Musically, nws sib sau ua ke ntawm cov kev ua yeeb yam hnyav thiab comic. Hauv kev ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog hais txog qhov ua yeeb yam orchestral, tab sis ntawm vocals. Cov kev ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb muaj xws li Rossini's Wilhelm Qhia, Donizetti Qhov Nyiam, thiab Verdi's Don Carlos.
Kauj Ruam 6
Cov cag ntawm lub operetta rov qab mus rau qhov kev ua yeeb yam comic. Operetta raws li ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm cov suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam tsim nyob rau xyoo thib ob ntawm xyoo 19th. Nws siv ob daim ntawv sau ua haujlwm (arias, hu nkauj) thiab cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Lub suab paj nruag yog pop hauv xwm, thiab cov phiaj xwm niaj hnub, kev tso dag. Txawm hais tias nws lub teeb ua cim, cov suab paj nruas ntawm cov operetta tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag. Cov muaj npe tshaj yog cov operettas los ntawm Johann Strauss ("The Bat", "Hmo Hmo hauv Venice") thiab Imre Kalman ("Silva", "Bayadera", "Ntxhais fuabtais ntawm Circus", "Violet ntawm Montmartre").
