Kev ua yeeb yam hauv ntiaj teb, yug tsib puas xyoo BC, tau dhau los ntev los ntawm ib tus kws sau paj lug thiab ib tus kws sau ntawv, dhau los ntawm kev coj ua yeeb yam ntawm tus kws tsim yeeb yaj kiab, tom qab ntawd tus neeg ua yeeb yam, tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj mus rau kev ua yeeb yam niaj hnub ntawm daim ntawv thiab Rimini raws tu qauv. Txoj kev taug tau ntev, tab sis nws tsis tau ua tiav. Nov yog kev xyiv fab ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam Tiag- nws txhim kho thiab hloov pauv ua ke nrog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig nws, feem ntau tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
Cov Lus Qhia
Kauj ruam 1
Cov kev ua yeeb yam tshwm sim los ntawm merrymaking nplooj siab rau lub qub pagan deities, uas tom qab tau nrhiav tib neeg cov yam ntxwv thiab npe: Demeter, Cora, Dionysus. Cov tswv ntuj no muaj ntau lub luag haujlwm sib txawv: tshwj xeeb, los saib xyuas qhov zoo sau cov txiv hmab, yog li tom qab ntawd yuav muaj cawv zoo heev thiab qhov kev tshwm sim no muaj peev xwm ua kev lom zem hauv Great Dionysias raws li cov neeg Greek thaum ub tau paub txog thiab nyiam ua nws li cas - ua kom zoo nkauj ib tug neeg nyob hauv. Nws yog ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kev zoo siab hauv 534 BC. thiab Txoj Kev Ua Yeeb Yam tau yug los, uas tau hloov pauv ntau xyoo txhiab, tau dhau los ntawm ntau cov qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, koturnas, theem tsis ruaj khov mus rau kev kos duab ntawm theatrical machinery thiab tus kws kos duab-cwm pwm. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tseem yuav luag tsis hloov pauv.
Kauj ruam 2
Tom qab ntawd, kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua yeeb yam nqus cov Greeks rau hauv lawv cov nets heev uas lawv tsis xav tau lub siab sov so, haus cov dej haus. Txhawm rau txaus siab rau cov dab neeg thiab txhawb nqa nrog cov phab ej thaum lub sijhawm ua yeeb yam npaj los ntawm thawj cov yeeb yaj kiab - qee tus neeg muaj kev hwm nyob hauv kev coj noj coj ua - lawv tsuas muaj zaub mov me me, uas lawv tau noj thaum lub sijhawm so ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Ntxiv mus, txij li thaum cov neeg tso dag tsis tau hwm los ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum yav dhau los rau ntau pua xyoo thiab tsis suav hais tias yog kev kos duab siab, nws tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tuaj tom qab kev tshaj tawm thiab saib ib qho kev txom nyem ntev li kaum txog kaum ob lossis ntau teev. Thiab cov neeg tso dag ntawm tsuas yog cov neeg tso dag ntawm Greek kev vam meej, Aristophanes, xav kom muaj kev saib xyuas tas mus li - tom qab txhua qhov, tsis muaj leej twg xav ua qhov tsis nco qab txog txhua lub sijhawm tam sim no, uas tuaj yeem rov mus rau nws tus poj niam thiab neeg nyob ze.
Kauj ruam 3
Cov neeg Loos, raws li kev vam meej tom qab uas tsis tau tsim ib qho dab tsi tiag tiag hauv kev tsim txuj ci, thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus tsuas yog nrog kev ua kom yooj yim ntawm qhov uas tau tsim ntev ua ntej lawv los ntawm cov neeg Greek, sai heev hloov cov keeb kwm zoo rau lawv cov txiaj ntsig qis. cov ntawv luam. Thiab, hauv qhov no, lawv tshaj tawm tias kev ua yeeb yam yog qhov ua yeeb yam tsis tseem ceeb thiab qis. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam tsuas yog kev txhim kho thaum lub sijhawm Roman kav tebchaws yog kos duab ntawm mimes thiab pantomime ua yeeb yam.
Kauj ruam 4
Lub caij nyoog ntawm qhov Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, ncab dhau rau pua xyoo, yuav luag tag faus cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Coob tus ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws - txij li kev kos duab ntawm kev rov nkag tau tsis yooj yim to taub los ntawm kws tshawb fawb los ntawm qhov Inquisition - tau xaus lawv lub neej ntawm hind ob txhais ceg thiab bonfires. Tab sis kev ua yeeb yam muaj sia nyob ua tsaug rau qhov tsis tswm thiab tsis paub qhov tseeb "neeg ruam" uas tau yug los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam rau ntawm cov av European. Nws yog lawv yog leej twg khaws cia rau hauv lawv lub cim xeeb thiab teev ntau cov phiaj thiab zaj dab neeg uas tom qab los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam dhau los: Shakespeare's, Moliere's, Kornel's, thiab lwm yam.
Kauj ruam 5
Tau ntau pua xyoo cov kev ua yeeb yam zoo li yuav khov rau hauv nws txoj kev txhim kho. Yog lawm, cov ntawv sau ua yeeb yam zoo tau yug los uas tau tso lawv txoj haujlwm ntau pua xyoo. Legends tau khaws cov npe ntawm cov kws tshaj lij txuj ci hauv lawv lub cim xeeb: feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov txiv neej, txij li kev ua yeeb yam rau ob txhiab xyoo, txij li Greek lub sijhawm thaum ub, tsis pub cov poj niam nkag mus nws theem. Tab sis sib nrug los ntawm cov dab neeg tshiab, thiab txhais ntau yam ntawm cov qub, nws tsis tuaj yeem muab lwm yam hauv ntiaj teb. Txoj kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg dhia tes thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam, uas tau muaj nyob rau qee qhov deb ntawm kev txaus ntshai, yog li ntxiv txhawm rau hauv daim ntawv.
Kauj ruam 6
Kev tawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab theatrical tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm 19th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20. Kev ua yeeb yam tsis tuaj yeem tsis teb rau cov kev txawj ntse dav dav thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab hauv lwm hom kev kos duab: cov kws ua yeeb yam tuaj rau nws - los ntawm cov tswv yim mus rau cubist; cov kws sau paj lug tuaj - los ntawm Cov Kws Ua Yeeb Yam thiab Cov Duab ya mus rau Cubo-Futurists; tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txoj haujlwm tshiab tau yug los hauv kev ua yeeb yam - tus thawj coj. Nws yog cov thawj coj zoo uas tsim lawv cov tsev kawm ntawv uas muab kev txhawb zog rau kev ua yeeb yam uas tseem muaj niaj hnub no: Gordon Craig, Konstantin Stanislavsky, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Alexander Tairov, Evgeny Vakhtangov, Berthord Brecht, Charles Dyullen, Jacques Lecoq.
Kauj Ruam 7
Kev ua yeeb yam niaj hnub ntawm xyoo XXI tsis tso txhua yam uas tsim los ntawm nws cov neeg ua ntej, thiab txuas ntxiv muab cov ntawv tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus tshiab. Nyob rau xyoo kaum xyoo dhau los, nws tau muaj yeej - nrog qee qhov tshwj tseg, qhov tseeb - tsis yog ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab, tsis yog tus thawj coj, lossis txawm tias yog ib tug neeg ua yeeb yam. Nws yog yeej los ntawm ib daim ntawv (hauv kev ua txhua yam ntawm cov saum toj no). Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom tseeb nyob rau hauv theatrical kev coj ntawm Dock Theatre (sau duab), hauv nws daim ntawv niaj hnub, yug hauv Great Britain ntawm Royal Court Theatre, thiab hauv kev coj yug hauv tebchaws Yelemes - hauv tuam txhab theatre Rimini Protokoll, qhov twg feem ntau tsis Cov kws tshaj lij ua yeeb yam nyob rau theem.
Kauj ruam 8
Kev ua yeeb yaj kiab niaj hnub tso cai rau nws tus kheej txhua yam uas, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm nws cov neeg tsim khoom, muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia lawv lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws: nws sib xyaw ntawm cov ntawv, hom, hom kos duab, txhais thiab hloov cov qub rau cov tshiab, nyiam cov tshiab thev naus laus zis, tab sis, tseem ceeb tshaj, nws yog nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tas mus li, tsis tso cai rau koj tus kheej thiab koj tus saib pom kom khov, poob mus rau lwm tiam-laus stagnation. Tshwj tsis yog, ntawm chav kawm, Qhov no yog Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Cov Tsim, tsis yog cov nuj nqis ua lag luam tawm ntawm "cov zom zom" los ntawm "ua haujlwm" tsim rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg tsis paub tseeb. Txawm hais tias, ntawm qhov chaw theatrical niaj hnub, ob qho kev qhia - ob qho tib si kev ua lag luam thiab kev tsim tswv yim - coexist, txawm tias nyias muaj nyias, tab sis kuj muaj kev thaj yeeb.
