Pob Txha Tuam Tshoj yog qhov raug suav tias yog "muaj koob muaj npe" - nyias, daus-dawb, lub suab nrov, lub suab … Cov Hoobkas tsuas yog nyob hauv Russia uas ua cov tais diav no yog Lub Tuam Txhab Imperial Porcelain. Ua li cas thiab los ntawm cov khoom txaij ua li cas, thiab vim li cas thiaj hu nws ua pob txha plooj (porcelain)?
Plooj (veneers) "rau ntawm cov pob txha": ib yam khoom los ntawm qhov muaj qhov tsis txaus
Lo lus "pob txha" hauv lub npe zoo nkauj zoo nkauj tshaj plaws tsis yog piv txwv, tab sis cov lus piv txwv sau cia ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Lub thauv ntim ib txwm muaj li ntawm kaolin - av nplaum dawb thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv av nplaum uas muab cov xim dawb thaum tua, nrog rau quartz thiab feldspar. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, nyob nruab nrab ntawm 18th caug xyoo, lawv tau pib ntxiv cov pob txha hmoov tshauv rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg - cov calcium phosphate muaj nyob rau hauv nws tau muab cov tais diav zoo li no dawb.
Ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Imperial Porcelain (hauv Soviet lub sijhawm nws tau hu ua Lomonosov), cov pob txha Tuam Tshoj pib tsim nyob rau hauv xyoo rau ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Nws yog paradoxical, tab sis muaj tseeb: qhov laj thawj cov nroj tsuag lub tshuab no tsis yog lub siab xav tsim cov neeg tseem ceeb "tais" tais, tab sis … tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv raw.
Txij li xyoo 1965, cov nroj tsuag tau ntsib teeb meem nyuaj nrog kev npaj cov kaolin - cov av nplaum dawb tau siv dav hauv cov ntawv, perfumery thiab tub rog kev lag luam. Tab sis muaj khib nyiab ntau ntawm lub teb chaws. Yog li no, tus thawj coj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, Alexander Sergeevich Sokolov, tau teeb tsa lub luag haujlwm rau LFZ kev kuaj ntau lawm: txhawm rau txhim kho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov huab hwm coj rau pob txha Suav.
Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv raug xaiv los ntawm kev sim thiab yuam kev (cov npoj yaig txawv teb chaws tsis muaj kev nrawm los qhia txog kev ua lag luam zais cia). Yog li ntawd, nws tau muab tawm, piv txwv li, cov noog pob txha muab cov plooj (porcelain) uas tsis muaj qhov tsis tseem ceeb lilac ntxoov ntxoo.
Yog li ntawd, peb tau hais haum ntawm tibia ntawm nyuj. Ntxiv mus, muaj tsis muaj tsawg tsawg ntawm raw khoom. Lub pob khoom tsim pob txha los ntawm cov pob txha tsis muaj roj nyob hauv ncoo rau cov tog hauv ncoo thiab rau cov tub rog hnav - thiab cov khib nyiab tau mus rau lub chaw ua haujlwm cov plooj (porcelain), qhov chaw nws tau hlawv.
Qhov loj rau ua pob txha Suav teb tsuas yog 55% ntawm ib txwm muaj kaolin, av nplaum, feldspar thiab quartz - qhov seem yog pob txha tshauv.
Hauv xyoo 1968, lub rooj sib tham pob txha pob zeb hauv Suav teb tau tsim ntawm tsob ntoo. Tsis zoo li lus Askiv cov plooj (porcelain), uas yog tuab heev, LFZ txiav txim siab los ua cov plooj (veneers) nyias-walled. Thiab thaum xub thawj lawv txawm "dhau ntawm nws": thawj lub khob ua rau pom kom nyias thiab tsis muaj qhov kaj uas cov neeg muas zaub tau pib yws txog cov kev xav "yasity". Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab kom ua rau tuab ntawm qhov tob ntawm 0.3 hli.
Hnub yug ntawm "qee yam"
Pob txha suav teb suav, zoo li lwm yam khoom siv pob zeb, ua los ntawm kev ua khoom plig. Rau qhov no, cov pwm nrum los ntawm plaster yog ntim rau lub brim nrog kua porcelain sib tov zoo li qaub cream - ib plam. Gypsum pib "tshem tawm" noo noo los ntawm cov ris hauv qab - thiab vim li ntawd, cov kab ntoo "tawv ntoo" maj mam loj hlob ntawm sab hauv phab ntsa ntawm cov pwm. Thaum nws tau txais cov tuab uas yuav tsum tau ua, ntau cov nplais tawm ntawm cov pwm. Tom qab ntawd lub pob "qhuav" (raws li hle khaub ncaws tsis yog hu ua) pib poob qis tom qab ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub pwm - thiab nws tau muab tshem tawm.
Hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm cov plooj (veneers) duab, qhov "nce tuab" rau lub sijhawm ntev - ntau teev. Nrog lub khob nyias-walled, txhua yam tshwm sim sai dua li qub - ntawm Imperial Porcelain Lub Hoobkas, cov pob txha Tuam Tshoj sib xyaw yog nchuav rau hauv cov pwm li ob feeb.
Txiv roj tsis siv neeg - lub moulds txav mus los hauv lub voj voog, qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm plam ncaj qha tawm ntawm cov khoom faib tawm, thiab tom qab ntawd lub tshuab nqus "yuav siv" qhov tshaj.
Cov tes rau lub khob, teapots, qab zib tais yog nrum cais thiab tom qab ntawd "glued" los ntawm txhais tes. Cov khoom ntim dej pleev xim tib yam ua raws li cov nplaum, tsuas yog cov tuab tuab.
Cov khoom lag luam tiaj tus (saucers, phaj) yog tsim los ntawm stamping. Ib qho khoom ua tiav cov plooj (porcelain) rau cov khoom lag luam zoo li no ua kom ntom ntom ntom, nws zoo li lub khob noom cookie yas dov mus ua "sausages". Cov hlais hlais "hnyuv ntxwm" yog muab tso rau ntawm lub ntsej muag pwm, thiab ib qho kev sib hloov sib hloov tau muab tso qis rau ntawm nws los ntawm saum toj no (txhua tus qauv muaj nws cov menyuam kheej). Qhov nyiaj seem yog txiav tawm txiav, tab sis los tsoo lub npoo thiab ua rau saum npoo tiaj tiaj yog qhov haujlwm ntawm lub npe hu ua "ntas", ua haujlwm tsuas yog xuas tes ntxuav.
Daim txhuam cev, txhuam, txhuam daim iav, ntawv ci abrasive - cov cuab yeej siv los ntawm cov thav ntawv yog yooj yim, tab sis zoo thiab siv sijhawm ntsuas. Cov plooj taub ntsej muag nkag tau rau lawv tom qab ziab.
Yuav ua li cas rau shard yog tempered
Pob txha Tuam Tshoj raug rho tawm haujlwm ob zaug. Ntxiv mus, qhov ntsuas kub rau thawj qhov hluav taws kub yog qhov ntau heev - 1250 - 1280 degrees, uas yog ntau dua li ntawm cov khoom zoo li cov plooj (porcelain). Ntawm qhov kub no, qhov khoob sib xyaw ua tiav "ci" tiav thiab tau txais lub zog uas tsim nyog. Cov tais diav siv sijhawm li 12 teev nyob rau hauv qhov cub. Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, nws txo qis hauv qhov loj npaum li ntawm 13%.
Tab sis tseem tsis tau ci. Lub ntsej muag ci yuav tshwm sim tom qab daim plooj zeb ci. Nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv tib yam li plooj (porcelain), tsuas yog nyob hauv feem pua sib txawv, ntxiv rau, marble thiab dolomite ntxiv rau nws. Thaum tua lub ntsej muag, lub ntsej muag ci tuaj ua rau lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab.
Lub ntsej muag nplaum yog siv rau pob txha pob txha siv suav tshuaj siv txau - ua ntej ntawm ib sab thiab tom qab ntawd. Thiab kom koj tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov ceev thiab tuab ntawm txheej, lub ntsej muag ci yog zas nrog magenta. Yog li ntawd, thaum mus rau qhov cub rau qhov kawg kev tua hluav taws, lub khob thiab sau sau muaj qhov ci lilac xim. Nyob rau ntawm qhov kub siab, cov pigment hlawv tawm thiab cov plooj (veneers) hloov dawb.
Qhov kev tua hluav taws thib ob kuj kav 12 teev, tsuas yog ntsuas kub lub sijhawm no qis dua me ntsis - 1050-1150 ° C.
Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog qhov hluav taws kub kub ntawm cov pob txha Tuam Tshoj uas dhau los ua qhov laj thawj tias Lomonosov Porcelain Lub Hoobkas tswj tau tuav tswj kev lag luam hauv kev tsim cov pob txha Lavxias teb chaws Suav.
Nws tsis yog ib qho kev coj ua ntawm cov Soviet chaw ua haujlwm kom ceev lub thev naus laus zis, yog li ntawd, thaum xyoo 70s, kev tsim thev naus laus zis thiab cuab yeej cuab yeej tau tshaj tawm "tau tshaj tawm" rau cov koom pheej hauv Bulgarian, qhov twg tshiab cov plooj (porcelain) tau tsim lub sijhawm ntawd. Thiab xyoo 1982 thev naus laus zis tau hloov mus rau lub chaw ua haujlwm ceramic hauv Kaunas, Lithuania. Tab sis Lavxias Lavxias factories tsis kam noj cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov pob txha Tuam Tshoj. Lub ntes muab tawm yog tias xws li plooj (porcelain) yog qhov rhiab heev rau qhov hluav taws kub kub - thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub teeb kub tsis dhau los ntawm cia 10 degrees tig lub lauj kaub tais diav rau hauv seem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum nws los txog rau qhov kub tshaj li ib txhiab qib, txawm tias qhov yuam kev ntawm kev ntsuas cov twj muaj peev xwm dhau qhov qub 10 degrees. Yog li LFZ tseem yog cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm "muaj koob muaj npe plooj" thoob plaws lub tebchaws.
Tus qauv tshwm sim li cas
Dawb ntshiab, tsis muaj qhov khoob tsis tau, uas tsis tau chwv ntawm tus kws kos duab tes, cov kws txawj hu ua "linen". Tab sis ua ntej tau mus rau lub txee ntawm cov khw muag khoom hom, cov tais diav yuav tsum tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv.
Kev pleev xim rau ntawm daim plooj (veneers) tuaj yeem yog underglaze, overglaze thiab ua ke, ua ke ntawm ob qho ntawm cov kev qhia no. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, daim duab siv tau ua ob theem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov duab ua ke yog lub npe nrov "Cobalt Net" tus qauv, uas tau dhau los ua hom "mus saib daim npav" ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Cov qauv cobalt - cov kab xiav - tau thov rau lub plooj (tsho ci ntsa iab) txawm tias ua ntej lub ntsej muag xim tsis sib haum - thaum hluav taws kub kub, qhov kho kom zoo nkauj yog "fused" rau hauv cov pob tshab ci kom nruj. Cobalt, uas ua ntej tua hluav taws muaj lub npub, faded dub xim, lub zog hloov thaum rhaub, thiab nyob ntawm qhov kev ua siab zoo, tus qauv ua daj ntseg xiav lossis xiav tob. Los ntawm txoj kev, txhua xim pleev xim uas siv hauv cov xim pleev xim rau kev coj ua zoo ib yam - lawv cov xim "tshwm sim" thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas kub, thiab thaum kos duab, lawv saib faded - ntxoov dub, grey, xim av. Thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam uas ua haujlwm nrog ntau xim ib zaug muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj: lawv yuav tsum "nco ntsoov" rau yav tom ntej daim duab.
Daim duab yog feem ntau thov los ntawm txhais tes, tab sis qee qhov haujlwm no qee zaum tuaj yeem ua kom yooj yim. Ntawm Imperial Porcelain Factory, piv txwv li, lawv tau tsim cov ntawv tshwj xeeb rau cov tais diav uas yuav dai kom zoo nkauj nrog "ntxaij npuag": nyias, tsis tshua pom qhov zawj yog "kos" ntawm ob sab ntawm lub shard - ib hom contour uas yuav tsum tau ua ntawv nrog "teev" nrog kab cobalt.
Tus qauv cobalt kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom lag luam siv cov decal - ib zaj duab xis nyias zoo ib yam li decal, ntawm uas tus qauv cobalt luam tawm.
Cov duab ntawm lub decal raws nraim cov duab ntawm cov tais - nws txawv rau txhua tus qauv. Thaum rhuab, zaj duab xis hlawv tawm, thiab tus qauv raug luam tawm saum npoo ntawm cov khoom.
Cov qauv underglaze tau thov tom qab cov khoom tau dhau thawj qhov tua hluav taws - thiab ua ntej ci. Tom qab qhov thib ob tua, cov tais diav qee zaum zoo li coj txawv txawv - thawj ntu ntawm daim duab twb tau thov rau nws, thiab qhov thib ob tseem tos hauv tis. Tab sis koj tuaj yeem xav tias nws yuav zoo li cas.
Kev tha xim nrog kub twb dhau kev tha xim duab. Tom qab ntawd cov tais diav yuav dhau los ntawm lwm qhov hluav taws kub, tab sis nyob rau qis qis - tsuas yog txhawm rau kho cov qauv. Qhov no yog qhov ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv cov xim zoo nkauj hauv kev pleev xim, nrog rau cov xim pleev xim ntau yam uas tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug "plaub lej" kub. Cov hnub qub kub tuaj yeem siv rau tus qauv kev tsim lag luam los ntawm txhais tes, siv txhuam, lossis siv kos me me.
