Gusli yog suav txheej thaum ub neeg Lavxias. Qhia txog lawv tuaj yeem nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau txheej thaum ub hais txog tebchaws Russia. Nyob hauv ntau zaj dab neeg thiab cov ntawv cuav, muaj cov guslars uas lom zem cov neeg thiab pom cov tub rog nyob ntawm tshav rog.
Ntsuas keeb kwm
Thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm harp hnub rov qab mus rau 591. Raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm keeb kwm Theophylact Simokatta, cov neeg Greek tau ntes cov Baltic Slavs thiab nws yog los ntawm lawv tias lawv pom cov twj paj nruag suab paj nruag uas tau piav qhia raws li gusli.
Lub gusli muaj cov khoom sib xws nrog cov Greek Greek cithara, cov neeg canon Armenian thiab Iranian santur.
Txij li lub sijhawm ntawm Kievan Rus, lawv sau txog lub harp ntau zaus. Cov neeg tsis xis neej tau tham txog cov npe nrov guslars-qhia txog, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov khoom siv plucked hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg. Ntau tus legends thiab ballads tau muaj txoj sia nyob, uas cov neeg Slavic harp thaum ub tshwm sim.
Lo lus "buzzing txog ntsha" feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv qub. Nyuam qhuav pib hauv tebchaws Russia, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv coj los siv, suav nrog gusli-poguds.
Raws li cov neeg sau keeb kwm, "gusli" yog keeb kwm lus Lavxias. Hauv Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Hauv Laus Slavonic cov lus, mus rau hum txhais tau hais tias rho tawm cov suab los ntawm cov hlua. "Gusl" yog lub npe ntawm ib txoj hlua, thiab "gusli" yog cov sau los ntawm cov hlua.
Hauv cov hnub qub, gusli feem ntau tau tawm suab hauv Lavxias. Guslars tau lom zem rau cov neeg ib txwm, ua si thiab hu nkauj ntawm kev nplua nuj ua si, koom nrog hauv kev ua si rau pej xeem thiab coj cov txiv neej mus ua rog.
Lawv ntaus lub ncov siv ob txhais tes, tso twj paj nruag rau ntawm lub hauv caug lossis tso nws pw ua ntej. Kho lub suab gusli suab tsis nrov, tab sis nrov txaus.
Los ntawm pej xeem cov lus dab neeg nws yog lub npe paub tias tus phab ej ntawm Lavxias epics ua si rau lub harp: Sadko, Bayan, Dobrynya Nikitich, Solovey Budimirovich thiab lwm tus.
Archaeological pom
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws archaeological nrhiav tau suav hais tias yog qhov tiag gusli ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 12th, uas tau pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb ze ntawm Novgorod.
Lawv lub cev tau ua los ntawm lub pob zeb ntsiag to. Ntawm sab lauj muaj tus duab puab zoo li tus zaj, thiab nyob tom qab muaj cov duab noog thiab tsov ntxhuav. Xws ornaments hais txog lub pagan cults ntawm ancient Novgorod.
Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv Novgorod, cov tsev khaws khoom me me tau pom, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carvings thiab kos duab.
Ntawm psaltery pom nyob rau hauv Novgorod, cov ntawv sau "Slovisha" yog pom meej meej. Lo lus no los ntawm "Slavia" thiab txhais tau tias "hmo ntuj".
Raws li lwm cov version, "Slovisha" yog lub npe tsim nyog ntawm lub ntsuas. Tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, nws yog pom tseeb tias lub harp tau koom nrog ib tug Slav. Tam sim no lub npe no tau muab rau ntau pab pawg thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv uas lawv qhia kom ua si lub harp.
Ntau yam ntawm gusli
Thawj qhov tseeb piav qhia ntawm ghusli tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 18th. Muaj cov hom gusli nram qab no: kaus mom hlau-puab, kooj-vias, zoo li lyre-puab, nyob ruaj ruaj, plucked, keyboard.
Lub kaus mom hlau-taub zoo muaj lub cev tob dua los ntawm nyias cov laug cam ntawm coniferous ntoo (ntoo thuv, spruce). Lawv lub cev ntaj ntsug zoo li lub kaus mom hlau.
Qhov qis sab ntawm lub ntsuas yog ncaj los yog concave nrog nws rov qab sab hauv, thiab sab saud yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib txwm oval.
Helmet-puab gusli ncav cuag qhov ntev ntawm 800 - 1000 hli, qhov dav txog 500 hli, thiab qhov siab txog 100 mm.
Cov hlua ntawm lub ntsuas yog teem hauv cov kab sib ncaig, qhov saum toj yog cov hlua hlua khawm, thiab hauv qab yog hlua khi. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov hlua yog li 11 txog 30.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov kaus mom hlau ntoo zoo li tus kheej sai sai tawm ntawm kev siv ntawm cov neeg Slavs. Hauv cov hnub qub, lawv tau siv los ntawm cov neeg hauv thaj av Volga.
Lub winged gusli tau muaj ntau dua nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob, nyob ntawm ciam teb nrog Baltic States, Karelia thiab Finland.
Lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tis los ntawm maple, birch lossis spruce ntoo. Lub qhov ntev ntawm lub viav vias gusli sib txawv raws li cov kev txwv hauv qab no: ntev 550 - 650 hli, qhov dav ntawm nqaim kawg 70 - 100 mm, hauv qhov qhib 200 - 300 hli, thiab qhov siab ntawm cov ntug 30 - 40 hli.
Cov hlua ntawm cov laus gusli uas muaj txoj sia nyob niaj hnub no yog hlau. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlua keeb kwm kaw rau ntawm lub harp yog tsib, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 66. Txawm li cas los xij, tsib txoj hlua nkauj tsib leeg tau zoo tshaj plaws rau tsib-suab nplai ntawm ib tus nkauj tshwj xeeb Lavxias.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua yeeb yam, guslar zaum, nias lub ntsuas rau lub plab: sab nqaim ntawm gusli tau tig mus rau sab xis, thiab sab dav - mus rau sab laug.
Nrog cov ntiv tes ntawm ib sab tes, lossis feem ntau feem ntau nrog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb (rab ntaj, plaub lossis pob txha), cov tshuab raj rattles txhua txoj hlua tib lub sijhawm, thiab nrog cov ntiv tes ntawm lwm tes, kov cov hlua, muffles lub suab tsis tseem ceeb. Cov.
Hauv epics, winged gusli yog hu ua voiced. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntseeg tias lawv tau txais lub npe no vim hais tias lub suab ntshiab thiab siab zoo.
Lyre-zoo li gusli tseem hu ua gusli nrog lub qhov rais ua si. Lawv tau dav hauv thaj chaw ntawm Ancient Rus thiab hauv tebchaws Poland hauv XI-XIII ib-paus xyoo. Qhov pom cov khoom lag luam thaum ntxov tshaj plaws tau ua hauv Novgorod thiab Polish nroog Opole, uas yog hnub tim 11 xyoo pua.
Lub gusli nrog lub qhov rais ua si muaj qhov qhib nyob rau sab qaum ntawm qhov ntsuas. Cov yeeb yaj kiab no ua rau lawv cuam tshuam nrog rau lwm cov khoom siv zoo li lyre. Feem ntau yuav yog, lub tshuab raj rau sab laug tau muab tso rau hauv lub qhov rais ua si, thiab nws tau ua txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb nrog cov hlua nrog nws cov ntiv tes.
Nrog nws sab tes xis, guslar ntaus cov hlua uas tau ze dua los ntawm cov nqaj qis. Thaum ua si, lub psaltery tau tuav ntsug, nrog rau qis ntug rov qab tso rau ntawm lub hauv caug lossis ntawm txoj siv sia. Thaum ua si thaum sawv ntsug lossis ntawm qhov txav, lub ntsuas tuaj yeem so tiv thaiv tus ncej puab kom yooj yim.
Nyob ruaj ruaj gusli, zoo li cov lus zoo li rooj, clavier-zoo li thiab tus duab plaub, muaj qhov zoo li chromatic nplai. Qhov ntsuas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo XVI-XVII rau lub hauv paus ntawm tswb thiab kaus mom hlau ntoo gusli. Nws tau siv los ua lub cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim, uas tau muab pw ua ke rau ntawm ncej puab ntawm guslar. Tab sis feem ntau cov cuab yeej nyob ruaj ruaj gusli yog cov ntsuas nyob ruaj ruaj nrog txog 55-66 cov hlua. Cov gusli no tau siv hauv cov tsev ntawm cov pej xeem muaj nyiaj, suav nrog hauv cov txiv plig Orthodox, yog li lawv feem ntau hu ua pov thawj.
Plucked thiab keyboard harp tseem hu ua kev kawm lossis kev hais kwv txhiaj. Lub suab ntawm plucked gusli yog tib yam li ntawd ntawm cov twj remote controls, tab sis lawv cov txheej txheem ua si ntau dua. Lub guslar plucks cov hlua nrog ob txhais tes: sab tes laug tsim ib qho kev xa suab qub rau lub suab paj nruag ntaus los ntawm sab tes xis. Txoj hlua ntawm lub plucked harp tau ncab rau hauv ob lub dav hlau: hauv dav hlau sab saud muaj qhov nplai loj, thiab hauv dav hlau qis - seem ntawm lub suab.
Cov keyboard gusli tau tsim los ntawm N. P. Fomin nyob rau xyoo 1905 raws kev sib dhos ntawm gusli. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv orchestras ntawm Lavxias haiv neeg cov twj paj nruag feem ntau ua ib cuab yeej nrog rau kev ua si chords. Nrog nws sab tes laug, lub suab paj nruag nias tus yuam sij, thiab nrog nws sab tes xis nws plam cov hlua siv tshwj xeeb.
Nthuav txog tus harp
Muaj lub sijhawm zoo nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Orthodoxy - tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg ntseeg church mus rau nkauj. Nws yuav zoo li lub suab paj nruas tsis muaj xim tuaj yeem ua rau npau taws ntawm cov txiv plig, tab sis qhov no muaj tseeb.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12, kev tuag kawg throes tos tus neeg uas pom ntawm kev ua khawv koob, qhia cov dab neeg lossis ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub harp.
Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thaum lees txim, tus pov thawj, nrog lwm tus, tau nug ib lo lus nug: "Koj puas tau hu nkauj ua nkauj raug dab, koj puas tau hu nkauj?"
Thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Alexei Mikhailovich, lub harp tau massively txeeb thiab hlawv ntawm cov pejxeem. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntseeg hais tias qhov kev sib ntxub ntawm qhov ntsuas tau los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm gusli nrog kev ntseeg kev ntseeg thiab kev teev dab qhuas.
Muaj kev ntseeg tias guslars-storytellers muaj tshwj xeeb tej yam yees siv hwj chim. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej lub lag luam tseem ceeb lossis taug kev ntev, tus thawj coj ntawm tsev neeg tau caw guslar los mloog nws cov nkauj thiab yam ntxias kom tau txais hmoov zoo.
Zoo tshaj plaws, tseem muaj qhov tsis loj ntawm cov khoom lag luam gusli. Muaj cov kev cob qhia me me uas cov kws tsim txuj ci tsim cov suab paj nruag Slavic zoo kawg no tsim los ntawm tes.
Yog li ntawd, txhua daim ntawv luam ntawm gusli no yog qhov qauv tshwj xeeb.
Tus neeg hu nkauj tshaj tawm epic - tus neeg piav dab neeg, uas nws lub npe tau poob rau peb lub sijhawm, yog Bayan.
Lub npe nrov ntawm "Lay of Igor's Campaign" hais tias cov hlua ntawm Bayan lub harp tau zoo li thaum lawv tseem ua neej nyob thiab nws zoo li tib neeg tias lub twj paj nruag hauv tes ntawm lub harp tau tshaj tawm nws tus kheej.
Gusli hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub
Nta muaj gusli hauv yuav luag txhua lub suab paj nruag ntawm lwm tus neeg cov twj paj nruag. Feem ntau cov no yog plucked gusli - lub rooj-puab tus kheej lossis tom qab, txhim kho tus qauv - cov keyboards.
Qhov ntsuas cov khoom qub no muaj peev xwm sau txhua lub suab nkauj nrog lub tsw qab ntawm cov laus Goose ringing.
Txhawm rau cov lus sib dhos ntawm gusli, cov lus tshaj tawm thiab epics yog tseem ua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xws li ib qho tsis xws luag, piv txwv li "The Lay of Igor's Campaign."
Hauv Is Taws Nem, koj tuaj yeem pom cov yeeb yaj kiab ntau ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab qhia kev txawj ua si ntawm lub harp. Niaj hnub nimno gusl-storytellers tau koom rau hauv rov suav dua kev coj ua ntawm kev ua si gusl. Yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem hu rau tus tswv uas yuav ua rau tus kheej rau kev lom zem rau koj, thiab kawm cov kev kawm ntawm kev ua si qhov cuab yeej zoo no ntawm cov neeg Slavs thaum ub.
