Txhua tus neeg uas sov txuas nrog suab paj nruag, ob leeg tshaj lij thiab nyob rau theem ntawm kev pib xyaum ua, paub qhov twg cello yog. Yog tsis muaj qhov no, tsis yog ib qho kev hais kwv txhiaj ib qho chaw, ib qho nkauj nkauj yuav tsis raug qhia tawm thiab muab rau tus mloog hauv qhov ntsuas, hauv nws qhov tob.
Lub cello yog ib qho cuab yeej obligatory nyob rau hauv ensembles thiab symphony orchestras. Nws yog nws leej twg ua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm lub suab nkauj sib sib zog nqus, nplua nuj thiab ua tiav. Vim tias lub suab qab zib ntawm nws "lub suab", lub cello feem ntau ua kev ua yeeb yaj kiab yog tias ib pawg kws suab paj nruag xav tau kev tshaj tawm xws li kev tu siab, taw tes lossis sov kev tu siab, sau cov suab paj nruag nrog kev mob siab.
Dab tsi yog cello
Lub cello yog cov khoom siv suab paj nruag ntawm txoj hlua-hneev hom, los ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam thiab cov npe. Nws tau paub txij li 16th caug xyoo, pom zoo ib yam li viola lossis nkauj laus ncas, tab sis ntau dua li lawv loj. Hauv cov suab paj nruag, cov cello tau siv, vim nws qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig "suab" tau, nyob hauv cov ntsej muag hauv qab no:
- solo (hu nkauj),
- raws li ib feem ntawm lub orchestra,
- thaum ua yeeb yaj kiab nrog ib txoj hlua sib dhos.
Lub cello, zoo li nkauj laus ncas, muaj 4 hlua. Nws yog qhov qis tshaj plaws-suab-seev suab seev, thiab yog tsis muaj nws qee pawg suab paj nruag tsuas tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm, piv txwv li, xws li plaub ceg lossis ib chav ua ke.
Lub suab ntawm cov hlua cello yog ib qho octave qis dua li ntawm viola. Cov ntawv sau rau nws ib feem yog sau nyob rau hauv tenor lossis bass treble clef, tab sis ntau ntawm nws lub suab tsis yog qhov txawv, ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua si nws, tsim nyob rau ntau pua xyoo ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm cello.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim qhov ntsuas
Txog tam sim no, tseem tsis tau paub qhov tseeb tias tus twg yog tus tsim lub cello. Nws tau hais txog thaum pib, lossis theej, nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16, thiab tau txuam nrog cov npe ntawm ob txoj hlua twj paj nruag - Italian Gasparo da Salo thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm Paolo Maggini. Muaj lwm version ntawm tus neeg thiab thaum lub cello tau tsim. Raws li nws, tus tsim ntawm lub twj paj nruag yog tus tswv nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo pua 16 los ntawm tsev neeg Amati npe hu ua Andrea.
Cov keeb kwm, sau tseg qhov tseeb tsuas yog tias daim ntawv niaj hnub ntawm lub ntsej muag, nrog ib txoj hlua sib raug thiab cov yam ntxwv suab, yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Antonio Stradivari. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws li cov kws sau nkauj nrov thiab masters zoo li Jeseppe Guarneri tau coj los txhim kho cov twj paj nruag hauv ntau pua xyoo. Carlo Bergonzi, Niccolo Amati, Dominico Montagnana thiab lwm tus. Txij li thaum xaus ntawm 18 caug xyoo, cov duab lub cev, qhov loj me ntawm cov twj paj nruag thiab nws cov kab ib ncig tsis tau hloov.
Cello tsim nta
Lub cello yog cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag nkaus xwb uas tau khaws nws cov duab thiab cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb rau ib-paus xyoo. Txawm lub violin tau hloov pauv - ntoo rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov lus sib txuas rau nws cov impregnation, pleev xim raug hloov, cov hlua tau rov ua dua tshiab.
Lub ntsiab seem ntawm lub cello:
- ntaub ntawv,
- lib nyug,
- taub hau,
- hneev.
Lub cev cello muaj lub suab lus qis thiab sab saud, ib lub qhov rau cov suab ua suab nrov (ua nrig). Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem muaj lwm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho ntawm rooj plaub - ib txoj hlua sab hauv "nyo hau", lub voj, lub taub hau, khawm, plhaub.
Ib qho nkauj laus ncas lossis vais viola tsis haum rau ua si ntawm cello. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov twj paj nruag muaj lub pas nrig ua los ntawm ntuj ntoo xyoob lossis fernambu ntoo, ebony kav nrog niam-ntawm-hlaws inserts, ntuj lossis dag horsehair. Qhov nro ntawm horsehair ntawm lub hneev cello raug kho nrog yim-sawb ntsia hlau uas txuas nrog rau Reed.
Ntseg suab ntawm cov suab ntawm cello
Lub peev xwm ntawm lub cello, hais txog lub suab tsim tawm, txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws hauv qhov dav thiab qhov tob. Orchestral masters paub nws lub suab zoo li
- muaj suab npe,
- ib me ntsis choked
- tawv,
- muaj kua.
Hauv cov palette ntawm ib pab pawg, quartet lossis orchestra, lub suab paj nruag cello zoo li lub suab qis qis ntawm ib tug neeg lub suab. Thaum lub sijhawm ua yeeb yaj kiab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm no, nws zoo li yog tias lub cello tau ua kev lom zem sib tham nrog cov neeg mloog txog ib yam tseem ceeb thiab tiag tiag, nws lub suab sib sib zog nqus suab nrov txaus nyiam, qhov tseeb hypnotizes, thiab tsis yog kos duab xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg mloog rau nws thawj zaug.
Txhua ntawm cov hlua cello suab tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb, thiab qhov ntau ntawm lawv lub suab txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov txiv neej sib txuas ntawm txiv neej mus rau qhov sov thiab maj viola, uas yog tus raug rau qhov tseeb hais txog poj niam. Cov kws sau nkauj zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab cov kws ntaus nkauj ntawm lub ntiaj teb nrov tau hais dua tias cov cello muaj peev xwm "qhia", piv txwv li cov phiaj xwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tsis muaj lus thiab pom duab.
Yuav ua li cas ua si ntawm cello
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua si ntawm cello yog lub hauv paus sib txawv ntawm cov txuj ci ntawm kev ua si lwm cov hlua ua suab paj nruas piv txwv. Qhov ntsuas yog qhov loj heev, txawm tias hnyav, thiab yuav tsum tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus - hauv thaj chaw ntawm tus neeg spire (hauv pem teb), ze rau sab xis ntawm lub hauv siab thiab sab laug lub hauv caug. Thaum kawm ua si ntawm cello, cov ncauj lus ntawm thawj zaj lus qhia yog qhov yuav ua kom tau teeb tsa nws, tuav nws.
Ntxiv mus, kev txawj ntse ntawm bowing yog mastered. Txhawm rau kom nws tag nrho npog txoj hlua kab ntawm lub ntsuas thaum lub suab tawm, cello yog me ntsis tig mus rau sab xis ntawm tshuab raj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom paub tseeb tias txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm sab tes tsis muaj txwv los ntawm dab tsi.
Nws yog ib qho xav tsis thoob uas ntau tus kws sau nkauj tshiab, txawm tias muaj lub suab zoo meej thiab muaj peev xwm los ntaus cov twj paj nruag, tsis tuaj yeem paub txog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua si ntawm cello, thiab nres ncaj qha ntawm theem ntawm kev kawm los tuav thiab txhawb nws.
Cov lus qhia tseeb txog cello
Lub cello tuaj yeem ua tau raug suav tias yog suav tias yog lub twj paj nruag kim tshaj plaws. Ib daim ntawv luam tawm ntawm nws, tsim los ntawm Stradivari hauv 1711, tau yuav los ntawm lub koom haum suab paj nruag los ntawm Nyij Pooj ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntawv twv rau ntau tshaj 20 lab €.
Kev ntsuam xyuas cov suab zoo ntawm cellos rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov suab paj nruas nrog cov npe hauv ntiaj teb yuav siv sijhawm tsaus ntuj, thiab hauv cov kev sib tw peculiar no, raws li txoj cai, qauv tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam nkauj hnub nyoog 16, 17th thiab 18 xyoo yeej.
Lub cello tsis yog tsuas yog ntsuas cov twj paj nruag classical. Finnish hard band band Apocalyptica tsis mus rau theem yam tsis muaj nws. Txhua lub suab nkauj ntawm lawv cov nkauj suav nrog ib feem rau cello, thiab cov suab li pob zeb suab zoo nkauj heev, thawj, tab sis ib txwm muaj rau hom ntawv nyeem.
Qhov ntsuas tsis yog siv los ua cov khoom siv suab paj nruas xwb - tus kws kos duab Julia Borden pleev xim rau cov xim pleev xim rau ntawm lub cev cellos, uas tau nquag yuav los ntawm kev kos duab connoisseurs thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev thiab cov tsev khaws khoom qub.
