Qhov twg, thawj zaug thiab tib neeg kev vam meej pib qhov twg los? Ntawm cov qhab nia no, cov kws tshawb fawb (keeb kwm, kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, kws sau ntawv) tseem tsis muaj kev pom zoo. Tab sis feem ntau cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias thawj tus neeg muaj cov cim tsis tseem ceeb ntawm kev vam meej, xws li sau ntawv, kab lis kev cai, kev tshawb fawb, yog cov Sumerians.
Leej twg yog cov Sumerians
Cov Sumerians yog cov neeg nyob hauv Mesopotamia, thaj chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob qhov dej loj nyob sab Asia, Tigris thiab Euphrates. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Sumerian civilization hnub rov mus txog kwv yees li 4000 BC. Cov keeb kwm ntawm Sumerians tseem tsis tau paub. Tej zaum, lawv tsis yog neeg qub ntawm Mesopotamia, tab sis tuaj txog ntawm thaj chaw roob ntawd. Qhov laj lim tswv yim no tau lees paub qhov tseeb tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm "roob" thiab "lub tebchaws" tau tsim los ntawm tib lub cim. Feem ntau, cov Sumerians raug suav hais tias yog cov neeg puag thaum ub uas muaj lus sau txhua. Hauv plawv ntawm Sumerian sau ntawv ("cuneiform") yog pictograms, uas yog, cov duab ntawm cov cim qhia txog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, nrog rau nws cov yam ntxwv. Ntxiv mus, cov ntawv sau ntawm Sumerians tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm sab saud thiab kev ntseeg ntuj, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov neeg ib txwm nyiam.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim tsa tias tus naj npawb ntawm pictograms ntawm Sumerians yog li ntawm 1000, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib siv ntau dua 600 tus lej ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Dab tsi yog qhov ua tiav ntawm Sumerian civilization
Cov Sumerians xub pib tsim cov haujlwm ntawm kev nyeem ntawv. Ntxiv mus, lawv tsim cov qauv ntawm thawj cov tsev qiv ntawv saib. Lub Sumerians tau ua tiav zoo hauv architecture thiab kev tsim kho. Nws yog tus Sumerians uas tau pib hlawv cib thiab siv lawv hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ntau lub tsev. Qee qhov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm lawv tau siv thaum lub sijhawm cov kab hauv palace.
Cov tshuaj Sumerian tau tsim heev txawm los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov txheej thaum ub. Thiab qhov ua tiav ntawm Sumerians hauv kev ua lej thiab astronomy yog qhov tsim nyog txaus siab qhuas. Suffice nws tau hais tias lawv cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tsuas tsim tias lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lub Hnub, thiab lub hli ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj tsim ib daim ntawv qhia hnub uas ncaj ncaj ntawm lunar eclipses. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj kev tshuaj xyuas ntau xyoo thiab ua tib zoo ua lej ntawm kev soj ntsuam.
Raws li rau lawv cov kev ntseeg, Sumerians ntseeg ntau yam tswv ntuj, ntawm cov "laus" lossis "zoo kawg" ntawm 50 deities sawv tawm. Cov Sumerians ntseeg tias lawv raug tsim los ua haujlwm rau Vajtswv. Hauv lawv lub tswv yim, nrog lawv txoj kev vam meej thiab kev ua haujlwm, lawv tau "pub" cov vajtswv. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub zos no tseem ntseeg txog qhov dej nyab nyab ntiaj teb. Raws li Sumerian views, tus txiv neej raug tsim los ntawm av nplaum, uas tau muab xyaw nrog ntshav cov ntshav. Thiab lub ntiaj teb hauv lawv qhov kev pom yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qaum thiab qaum ntiaj teb.
