Imperial Plooj (veneers) - Dawb Kub Ntawm Russia

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Imperial Plooj (veneers) - Dawb Kub Ntawm Russia
Imperial Plooj (veneers) - Dawb Kub Ntawm Russia

Video: Imperial Plooj (veneers) - Dawb Kub Ntawm Russia

Video: Imperial Plooj (veneers) - Dawb Kub Ntawm Russia
Video: Lower veneers 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Porcelain pib raug thauj mus rau Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Tuam Tshoj nyob rau xyoo XIV, thiab nws muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm nws qhov hnyav hauv kub, thiab qee zaum ntau dua. Txawm tias daim duab shards ntawm lub khob tau hnav nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kim thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov kws tshaj lij European tau nrhiav lub zais kev ua "kub dawb" ntev, tab sis thawj cov tub luam nyob sab Europe tau tsim tsuas yog nyob hauv 1708 hauv Saxony, hauv lub nroog Meissen.

Lub npe nrov "cobalt mesh" yog IPZ lub cim lag luam
Lub npe nrov "cobalt mesh" yog IPZ lub cim lag luam

Yuav ua li cas Imperial Porcelain Hoobkas tau tsim

Porcelain kev tsim khoom tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis txaus siab Peter I, tus uas ua rau muaj kev ntseeg siab nrog rau Sab Hnub Poob thiab ua npau suav txog kev teeb tsa cov khoom lag luam muag khoom muag muag hauv Lavxias. Nws tseem tau xa cov neeg mus rau Saxony ntawm "kev ua haujlwm pub dawb." Tab sis Meissen craftsmen tsis ua tiav qhov kev "noj ntawm swoop" ntawm cov khoom lag luam zais cia - lawv tau saib xyuas nruj. Thiab cov plooj (Lavxias) Lavxias tau pib tsim tawm hauv qab Elizabeth nkaus xwb.

Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1, 1744, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, Baron Nikolai Korf, nkag mus rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog qee tus Christopher Gunger, uas tau ua "tsim lub Hoobkas hauv St. Petersburg rau kev ua cov tais diav Dutch." Thiab rau lub hlis tom qab, ib lub tsev tsim khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam muag khoom lag luam tsim tau ze ze St. Petersburg (qhov no yog dab tsi hu ua plooj (porcelain) tau hu ua nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum lub sijhawm ntawd). Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, Gunger tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev tsim tawm: nws tiag tiag tsis muaj kev paub lossis kev txawj.

Qhov teebmeem raug cawm los ntawm qhov thiaj li hu ua "cov thwjtim" ntawm Gunther - Dmitry Vinogradov. Ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv manufactory, Vinogradov tau kawm kev ua chemical, metallurgy thiab tsuas rau yim xyoo hauv Tebchaws Europe - thiab nws yog nws leej twg, hauv 1746, tswj kom tau thawj thawj cov qauv zoo ntawm Lavxias plooj (porcelain), thiab tom qab ntawd los ua kom tiav cov thev naus laus zis ntau lawm thiab muab tso rau hauv kwj Cov. Nyob rau hauv 1765 the manufactory tau lub npe hu ua Imperial Porcelain Factory. Tom qab ntawd, rau ib-caug xyoo thiab ib nrab, lub Hoobkas, uas los ntawm thawj hnub tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, tau ua haujlwm ntau ntawm "kev txiav txim siab ntawm tsoomfwv". Cov poob lawm, vases, pleev xim rau cov tais diav tsim tawm ntawm no tsis tuaj yeem yuav - tsuas yog tau txais los ua khoom plig los ntawm huab tais.

Nplooj ntawv keeb kwm: kev tshaj tawm plooj thiab cov hniav rau cov txheej txheem Soviet

Nyob rau lub xyoo tom qab tawm xyoo 1918, lub teb chaws thiab hloov npe "State Porcelain Factory", lub tsev lag luam tuaj nyob hauv qab txoj cai ntawm Cov Thawj Tswm Saib Xyuas Cov Neeg rau Kev Kawm, thiab lub luag haujlwm tau tsim ua ntej nws: kev txhim kho cov khoom lag luam "hauv cov ntsiab lus, zoo meej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, impeccable nyob rau hauv kev txawj. " Cov txiaj ntsig tau nrov npe nrov tshaj tawm cov plooj (porcelain), uas dhau los ua "tib txhij" tseem yog theem tshiab hauv kev nthuav dav ntawm Lavxias avant-garde.

Raws li kev coj ua ntawm tus kws kos duab Sergei Chekhonin, tag nrho galaxy ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam tau koom nrog kev tsim cov ntawv tshaj tawm, suav nrog Petrov-Vodkin, thiab Kustodiev, thiab Malevich, thiab Kandinsky.

Xyoo 1924, thaum lub teb chaws tau xav txog kev rov kho txoj kev lag luam hauv tebchaws, qhov kev lag luam tau hloov mus rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm "Farfortrest" - thiab cov tub rog loj tau muab pov rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuab plooj (tech). Cov nroj tsuag, uas tau muaj npe tom qab Lomonosov xyoo 1925, tsim ntau dua 300 hom khoom lag luam: cov hniav cuav, qhov muag pleev, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lub rhaub dej, chav iav tsom iav, thiab lwm yam.

Dua li ntawm qhov no, qhov kev lag luam tseem yog "tus xa khoom ntawm lub tshav puam": ntawm lub sam thiaj txais kev lom zem, rooj noj mov Kremlin tau txais kev pabcuam nrog cov tais diav ua los ntawm kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb los ntawm tus tswv ntawm LFZ. Thiab nyob rau xyoo 1930, thawj qhov kev sim txuj ci hauv lub teb chaws tau qhib rau ntawm tsob ntoo (nws tau qhia los ntawm Malevich cov tub ntxhais kawm, Suprematist artist Nikolai Suetin), uas tsim cov qauv ntawm "Soviet porcelain". Thiab nyob rau hauv "thaw" xyoo 1953, cov hniav cuav tau hnov qab: cov nroj tsuag tau pib txaus siab "cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg Soviet" kom coj kab lis kev cai mus rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab kev tsim cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov nyom ntau ntxiv. Thiab xyoo 1965, Tuam Tshoj pob txha nto moo pib pib tsim ntawm no.

Tom qab lub viav vias ntawm USSR, Lomonosov Porcelain Lub Hoobkas tau tso khoom ntiag tug thiab rau qee lub sijhawm nyob rau ntawm lub qhov dej ntawm kev kaw, tab sis tom qab ntawd maj mam "tuaj rau nws qhov kev nkag siab." Nyob rau xyoo 2005, kev lag luam rov ua nws lub npe keeb kwm thiab ntxiv los ua "Imperial", tau coj kev cai meej rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam "khoom kim heev", cov khoom lag luam rau cov neeg txiav txim thiab cov khoom pleev xim zoo nkauj.

"Cov cim lag luam" ntawm Lub Imperial Porcelain Factory

Pob txha Tuam Tshoj yog qhov raug txiav txim siab "muaj koob muaj npe" - zoo kawg-nyias-walled, lub suab nrov, pob txha luam. Nws tau pib tsim nyob rau hauv Askiv nyob nruab nrab ntawm 18th caug xyoo, ntxiv cov pob txha hmoov tshauv rau cov plooj (porcelain) loj - cov calcium calcium phosphate muaj nyob hauv nws thiab muab cov tais diav tsis zoo li no. Lub Tsev So St. Petersburg Imperial Porcelain Lub Hoobkas yog tsuas yog kev lag luam hauv tebchaws Lavxias uas tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo nkauj li rooj plaub no. Thaum xub thawj nws tsuas yog tshuaj yej thiab kas fes khob thiab saucers, txij li xyoo 2002 cov khoom tsim muaj.

Cov nroj tsuag thev naus laus zis xaiv cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv rau cov pob txha Suav los ntawm kev sim thiab kev ua yuam kev. Yog li ntawd, peb tau hais haum ntawm tibia ntawm nyuj. Thaum xub thawj, cov pob txha suav teb tau ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ntim ntau lawm pov tseg.

Lwm qhov "txawv" ntawm IPM yog cov duab puab ua los ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), uas yog tsim los ntawm tes. Ntawm nruab nrab, nws yuav siv tus kws ua khoom siv 2-3 hnub los pov ib daim duab ib cev. Porcelain "menyuam roj hmab" - cov duab neeg thiab tsiaj - tsim muaj ntawm no txij li thaj tsam ntawm 18 xyoo pua. Ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ua ntej tshaj tawm cov duab puab yog "Cov Neeg Lavxias" (txog li ib pua tus duab piav qhia tus txiv neej thiab poj niam hauv kev hnav ris tsho hauv tebchaws), ntawm Soviet duab puab, cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog "Ballet" series. Tam sim no hauv chav teeb duab kos duab ua yeeb yam ntawm LFZ, ob qho tib si "cov qauv rov ua" (qhov rov ua dua) ntawm cov duab puab keeb kwm thiab cov qauv tshiab yog tsim tawm. Ntawm cov kev ua hauj lwm dhau los, cov duab puab ntawm sculptures los ntawm Mikhail Shemyakin, piav qhia txog tus phab ej ntawm The Nutcracker, tau ua tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tseem ceeb.

Porcelain painting yog qhov uas tso cai rau koj tig "tsuas yog qhov zoo" rau hauv qhov tsis muaj zog. Imperial Porcelain Lub Hoobkas muaj ob lub khw xim: phau ntawv thiab siv tshuab. Cov pleev xim pleev rhiav ua haujlwm txog 20 tus kws tsim txuj ci uas tsim tshwj xeeb cov khoom lag luam yas thiab ua cov khoom zoo nkauj. Nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ib hlis los kho ib lub vase lossis tais, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom zoo li no muaj ntau heev.

Kev ua haujlwm nyob hauv chav ua haujlwm ntawm kev pleev xim rau kev siv tshuab yog ntau yam tsis zoo, tab sis nws nyob ntawm no cov qauv uas tau lees paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau tsim. Ntawm lawv yog "daim npav mus saib xyuas" ntawm IPZ - lub npe nrov "Cobalt Net" - tus qauv rau kev tsim cov neeg ua yeeb yam Hoobkas uas yog Anna Yatskevich tau txais txiaj ntsig kub ntawm 1958 Kev Sib Koom Tes Hauv Ntiaj Teb hauv Brussels. Txij thaum ntawd los, crockery dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev lag luam. Lawv txawm tau tsim cov duab tshwj xeeb rau cov tais diav zoo li no: ntawm ob sab ntawm nws, txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm pov tseg, nyias ib qho kab sib txawv yog "kos" - ib qho contour uas yuav tsum tau ua manually "tawm" nrog cov kab cobalt. Cobalt netting tseem tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom siv nrog kev txiav txim siab - daim nyias nyias nyias zoo li lub decal, ntawm uas tus qauv cobalt luam tawm. Thaum tua cov plooj (veneers), zaj duab xis hlawv tawm, thiab tus qauv yog luam tawm saum nplaim ntawm cov khoom. Cov hnub qub kub ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov kab xiav tau siv rau tus qauv los ntawm tes los yog siv cov ntawv me me.

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