Cov tsev kawm ntawv loj tshaj plaws uas muaj ntau lub ntsej muag thiab cov txuj ci nyob hauv lub npe "University" feem ntau hu ua kev kawm, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua tau zoo. Muaj txog kaum txhiab ntawm lawv, tab sis lawv feem ntau muaj luv luv phau ntawv keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, lawv pom tseeb tsis txhob cia siab tias yuav tsum muaj cov npe ntawm cov thawj, txawm hais tias nyob hauv ib thaj av txawv. Thiab, tej zaum, tsis yog txhua tus paub tias lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab qhib dua lwm lub. Muaj ntau tus neeg sib cav sib tw rau qhov kev ua tiav no.
Tsis muaj tsev nyob
Thaum pib, "tsev kawm qib siab" txhais tau tias yog pab pawg me ntawm cov laus cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawm ntau yam kev kawm tshawb fawb uas sib sau los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej kev xav tau science thiab sib pauv kev paub. Ntxiv mus, lawv feem ntau tsis muaj thaj chaw ruaj khov rau cov haujlwm ntawd thiab tsuas yog xauj tsev ua ke. Nws tsuas yog thaum cov tub ceev xwm tau them nyiaj rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm zoo uas cov tsev kawm ntawv tsis muaj tsev nyob tau pib tig mus rau hauv cov chaw nyob ruaj ruaj. Thiab lawv tsis tsuas yog tuav cov lus qhuab qhia thiab xeem, tab sis kuj tseem nqa tawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb.
Los ntawm Hanlin mus rau Apennines
Nyob hauv thawj xyoo txhiab, peb lub tsev kawm txuj ci tau yug los ib zaug, uas nws tau pom zoo hu lub tsev kawm qib siab tshaj plaws. Lub hnub yug ntawm ib ntawm peb, tsim, raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm cov neeg suav txheej thaum ub, nyob hauv npe "Academy of Hanlin", tau xav tias yog xyoo pua 8. Lub tsev kawm qib siab thib ob tau nyob ntawm tus ciam teb Eurasian, hauv Constantinople, thiab tshwm nyob rau xyoo 848. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tsim nyob hauv Salerno, Ltalis.
Muaj tseeb, nws yog tsev kawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv uas Salerno tau txais ntau tom qab, yuav luag 400 xyoo tom qab. Tab sis nws tseem muaj nyob ntev npaum li cas, mus txog 1861 - hauv kev sib piv rau Constantinople, uas tau raug kaw tom qab kev ntes ntawm lub nroog los ntawm cov Turks. Cov tsev kawm no yog suav tias yog thawj lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv Tebchaws Europe. Txawm li cas los xij, ob peb lwm lub tsev kawm txuas ntxiv tseem tsim nyog. Piv txwv li, University of Bologna, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1088, tuaj yeem txaus siab txaus siab rau qhov tseeb tias nws tseem ua haujlwm niaj hnub no.
Peb mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj
Medieval Europe tau faib ntau dua thoob ntiaj teb rau hauv thaj chaw sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj dua li tam sim no. Qhov no tseem siv rau hauv qhov system kawm. Raws li, qhov tseeb hais tias thawj lub tsev kawm qib European sab hnub tuaj, hu ua "Ostrog Academy", tsuas yog tshwm sim xyoo 1576, tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj. Ntawm thaj chaw, nws tau nyob hauv Rivne cheeb tsam ntawm niaj hnub Ukraine, uas tom qab ntawd, txawm li cas los xij, tseem tsis tau cog lus rau ntawm cov duab qhia chaw. Raws li qhov no, Gladzor hauv Armenia, uas qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm 1282 txog 1338, yuav tsum raug lees paub tias yog thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab raws li thaj chaw ntawm USSR. Thiab ntawm cov tseem muaj sia nyob - lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv Vilnius, nws tau tshwm sim peb xyoos tom qab Ostrog.
Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv qab tus naj npawb 1 los ua qhov tseeb hauv 1724. Lawm, Peter Kuv tsim nws, thiab nws tau tshwm sim hauv St. Petersburg. Raws li txoj cai, Tsev Kawm Ntawv St. Petersburg, uas yog ib feem ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Kev Tshawb Fawb, ua haujlwm tsuas yog txog 1766. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau "rov ua dua tshiab" - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm chav ua si, ib tus kws qhia lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab, thaum kawg, niaj hnub lub xeev cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, uas suav tias nws tus kheej ua tiav txoj cai ntawm Petrovsky. Thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tau sau npe rau ntawm thaj chaw Lavxias tam sim no yog "Albertina". Nws tau tsim tsa hauv Konigsberg hauv 1544, thiab ua haujlwm hauv lub peev ntawm East Prussia yuav luag txog thaum tuaj txog ntawm cov tub rog Soviet nyob ntawd thiab qhov khiav tawm sai hauv Lub Ib Hlis 1945 rau lub tebchaws Yelemes.
Quartet "A"
Tsis tas yuav hais, cov tebchaws muaj thiab muaj tsis yog nyob rau Eurasia ib leeg xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob rau lwm lub teb chaws - hauv Australia, North thiab South America, thiab Africa. Qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog Moroccan "Al-Karaouin", nws tau tshwm sim xyoo 859. Xyoo 1551, cov hauj sam ntawm Dominican Order tau tsim Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm San Marcos hauv lub nroog Peru. Tom qab 85 xyoo ntxiv, Harvard College tau tsim tawm hauv North American Cambridge, uas tom qab ntawd nce mus rau ib lub tsev kawm qib siab. Thaum kawg, txij xyoo 1850, Green Continent muaj nws lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, cov neeg hauv tebchaws Australia tau tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo li no hauv Sydney.
