Ib qho ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm yog qhov tsim muaj sau. Nws tau yug los hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj Thoob Ntiaj Teb, thiab ib qho ntawm nws cov tsiaj qub yog lub hieroglyphs ntawm Ancient Egypt.
Cov tsiaj ntawv ntsiag to yog tias tsis muaj neeg paub nyeem ntawv. Hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub, kev paub txog feem ntau hauv zej zog yog cov pov thawj, thiab chav no ploj ntawm lub sijhawm Hellenistic, thaum Iyiv cov tuam tsev tau raug kaw los ntawm txoj cai ntawm huab tais Theodosius Kuv. Thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm cov neeg Greek, thiab tom qab ntawd cov neeg Loos, txawm cov lus uas cov neeg Iyiv tau ploj, peb tuaj yeem hais li cas txog lub peev xwm nyeem hieroglyphs.
Tom qab, tau sim ua rau decipher cov ntawv Iyiv thaum ub. Piv txwv li, cov pov thawj Jesuit Kircher tau sim ua qhov no nyob rau 17th caug xyoo, tab sis tsis tau ua tiav. Qhov kev tawg tawm ntawm thaj chaw no tau ua raws li nyob rau xyoo 19th, thiab Napoleon tau txhawb kev ncaj qha rau nws.
Rosetta pob zeb
Tsis zoo li ntau tus neeg kov yeej, Napoleon coj cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm nws txoj kev tawm tsam. Lub phiaj los nqis tes ntawm 1798-1801 tsis muaj kev zam. Napoleon tsis ua tiav hauv kev kov yeej tebchaws Egypt, tab sis cov kws kos duab kos duab keeb thiab cov tuam tsev, theej cov ntawv pom nyob hauv lawv, thiab ntawm cov trophies yog ib daim tiaj tiaj ntawm cov xim av dub uas muaj cov tsiaj ntawv sau. Cov nqaj tau muab lub npe Rosetta Pob Zeb tom qab pom pom.
Qhov kev nrhiav pom no tau muab kev cia siab rau kev txiav txim siab cov hieroglyphs Iyiv, vim tias, nrog rau cov ntawv Iyiv, nws muaj cov ntawv sau ua lus Greek, uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau paub zoo. Tab sis nws tsis yooj yim los piv ob phau ntawv: cov ntawv sau hieroglyphic nyob hauv kab 14, thiab Greek - 54.
Cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau nco txog tus kws tshawb fawb txheej thaum ub Gorapollon, uas sau txog tiam 4 no. phau ntawv hais txog Egyptian hieroglyphs. Gorapollo tau sib cav hais tias hauv kev sau ntawv Egyptian, cov cim tsis yog lub suab, tab sis cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no tau piav qhia tias vim li cas cov lus Greek sau luv dua li ntawm ib tug neeg Iyiv, tab sis tsis pab tau txhais cov ntsiab lus.
Jean Champollion
Ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav xav paub txog kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Egypt yog tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis Jean Champollion. Tus txiv neej no tau nyiam nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv txij thaum yau: thaum muaj 12 xyoos nws paub lus Arabic, Coptic thiab Chaldean, thaum nws muaj 17 xyoo nws tau sau phau ntawv "Egypt nyob rau hauv Pharaohs", thiab thaum nws muaj 19 xyoo nws tau ua tus xibfwb. Nws yog rau tus neeg no tias kev hwm ntawm seev suab hieroglyphs belongs.
Tsis zoo li lwm tus kws tshawb fawb, Champollion tsis ua raws li txoj kev qhia los ntawm Gorapollon - nws tsis saib rau lub tswvyim-cim hauv hieroglyphs. Nws pom tias qee qhov sib txuas ntawm cov hieroglyphs tau ncig hauv cov qe, thiab qhia tias cov no yog cov npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv. Cov npe ntawm Ptolemy thiab Cleopatra muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv Greek, thiab nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj kom nrhiav tau qhov sib tw. Yog li Champollion tau txais lub hauv paus ntawm cov niam ntawv. Kev txiav txim siab yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hieroglyphs tau siv los ua cov tsiaj ntawv piav qhia lub suab, tsuas yog hauv cov npe, thiab lwm qhov chaw lawv txhais tau cov suab lus thiab txawm tias lo lus (hauv no Gorapollo yog lawm). Tab sis tom qab ob peb xyoos, tus kws tshawb fawb tau hais nrog kev ntseeg siab: "Kuv tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv sau hauv hieroglyphs."
Tom qab, tus kws tshawb fawb tau mus xyuas tebchaws Iziv, qhov chaw nws kawm hieroglyphic cov ntawv sau rau ib xyoos thiab ib nrab. Tsis ntev tom qab rov qab mus rau Fabkis, Champollion tuag thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 41, thiab tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, "Egyptian Grammar" tau luam tawm.
Champollion qhov kev tshawb pom tsis tau lees paub tam sim ntawd - nws tau sib tw rau 50 xyoo ntxiv. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, siv tus txheej txheem Champollion, nws tau nyeem lwm cov ntawv neeg Iyiv hieroglyphic inscriptions, uas tau lees tias nws qhov tseeb.
