Txawm Tsar Ivan Qhov kev txaus ntshai heev ua rau muaj kev xav txog qhov tseeb tias phau ntawv sau ntawm tes ua haujlwm tsis raug thiab ua rau muaj qhov tsis yog. Tseeb, ua ntej kev qhia ntawm phau ntawv luam ntawv, cov kws sau ntawv feem ntau tau ua yuam kev, ua qhov tsis tsim nyog hloov pauv rau cov phau ntawv uas cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv luam tawm tau pab kho qhov xwm txheej thiab coj kev txiav txim siab rau phau ntawv lag luam.
Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm typography
Qhov tsim txig ntawm kev luam ntawv tau dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv kab lis kev cai. Hauv tebchaws Lavxias, thawj lub tsev luam tawm tau tshwm sim puag ncig 1553. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov npe ntawm tag nrho cov masters typographic tsis tau mus txog hnub no. Tus Saib Xyuas Ntaub Ntawv Ivan Fedorov yog suav tias yog thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias nws npaj yuav luam thawj phau ntawv xyoo 1553.
Teeb tsa lub tshuab luam ntawv hloov mus ua qhov lag luam uas tsis yooj yim. Tsuas yog kaum xyoo tom qab hauv Moscow, los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm Ivan Fedorov thiab nws tus khub, ib hom "Lavxias xovxwm" tau tsim. Nws lub tsev tau tsim ua ib sab ntawm Nikolsky Monastery, uas lub Tsev Luam Ntawv nyob tom qab. Cov tshuab luam ntawv muaj lawv cov ntawv sau zoo nkauj thiab muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus zoo nkauj, uas yog los ua lub taub hau rau cov phau ntawv yav tom ntej.
Thawj cov ntawv luam tawm hauv tebchaws Russia
Thawj phau ntawv los ntawm Lavxias luam ntawv, Tus Thwj Tim, tau luam tawm nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1564. Nws yog cov ntawv zoo heev rau cov sijhawm ntawd, luam tawm hauv cov ntawv luam tawm meej thiab nplua nuj dai hauv cov ntawv ntawm cov duab. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm "Tus Thwj Tim" tau ua tiav rau yuav luag ib xyoos. Phau ntawv yog phau ntawv liturgical, nws muaj cov ntu nyob hauv Phau Tshiab. Tsab ntawv muaj qhov kev teeb tsa tshwj xeeb thiab tau muab faib ua tawg tsam npaj rau kev nyeem ntawv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm Vajtswv. Thawj phau ntawv sai sai dhau los ua bibliographic rarity.
Txog ib xyoos tom qab, "Lavxias Lub Tsev Luam Ntawv" ob zaug luam tawm lwm phau ntawv, uas ris lub npe "Chasovnik". Thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv Ivan Fedorov tsis yog tsuas yog kev sau ntawv zoo xwb, tab sis kuj muab tawm los ua tus sau ntawv tsim nyog. Nws txawj ntse siv cov txhais lus ntawm Vaj Lug Kub thaum nws muab pov tseg. Fedorov phau ntawv hauv lawv cov qauv tau txav mus rau cov lus ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Ivan Fedorov thiab nws tus khub Pyotr Mstislavets tshuav Moscow rau qhov tsis to taub tag nrho, tab sis tsis tau tso tseg kev tshaj tawm. Tej zaum, cov masters raug tsim txom rau qhov haujlwm ntawm no. Tau tawm ntawm Lviv, cov luam ntawv ib zaug luam tawm phau ntawv "Thwj Tim", thiab tom qab ntawd tag nrho phau Vajlugkub. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1574, thawj zaug luam tawm ntawm kev luam ntawv luam tawm pib tshwm, nruab nrog cov kev cai grammatical.
Tom qab tau ncaim ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv los ntawm Moscow, luam ntawv muaj nres rau ntau tshaj ob xyoo lawm. Nws paub tias cov masters Nikifor Tarasyev thiab Andronik Timofeev sim luam tawm Psalter, qhov twg cov ntawv sau thiab qee cov ntsiab lus yuav luag tag nrho theej los ntawm Thwj Tim Ivan Fedorov. Tab sis kev tshaj tawm tiag tiag ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Moscow rov pib dua tsuas yog xaus rau xyoo pua 16th.
