Tus txiv neej niaj hnub thim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev paub los ntawm cov neeg tshaj tawm. Tab sis muaj qee lub sijhawm thaum ib tus tuaj yeem tau txais cov kev paub tshiab tsuas yog los ntawm phau ntawv. Cov ntawv txheeb ntawm papyrus lossis parchment sau nyob rau hauv cov phiajcim zoo nkauj, dov lossis stapled ua ke, yog thawj phau ntawv.
Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm cov ntawv
Rau qee lub sijhawm, cov ncauj lus hais tawm tau txais cov ntaub ntawv xwb. Kev pauv ntawm kev paub thiab kev paub tau coj los puag thaum ub los ntawm ib tug neeg mus rau lwm tus, ntawm qhov ncauj rau qhov ncauj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau ploj lossis sau npe tsis zoo uas tsis muaj kev lees paub. Txhawm rau tshem tawm ntawm cov kev qhia luv luv no, tib neeg pib nrhiav txoj hauv kev los txuas cov txuj ci ntawm qee yam khoom siv, siv kev kos duab sau ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawv sau.
Cov neeg tsim kev kub ntxhov feem ntau tshaj lij thaum kawg tau tsim kev sau ntawv. Rau lub hom phiaj no, cov phiaj xwm ntoo, av nplaum lossis av vuas, ntawv ntawm cov hlau muag tau siv dav. Hauv tebchaws Iyiv thaum ub, piv txwv, cov ntaub ntawv tau sau rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm papyrus txiav nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb. Cov ntaub ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm papyrus dov rau hauv cov ntawv ntev ntev txij li xyoo peb ntawm BC. Nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias cov ເລື່ອນ Iyiv yog thawj phau ntawv uas paub hauv keeb kwm.
Thawj phau ntawv sau ntawm phau ntawv ntawm parchment tshwm sim ntau tom qab, tsis ntev ua ntej qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab. Cov ntawv txheeb ntawm cov ntawv zoo li no tau muab sib dhos ua ke, ua kom muaj cov ntawv me me. Txij li ib qho tsuas tuaj yeem npau suav txog kev luam ntawv thev naus laus zis hauv cov xyoo, tshwj xeeb kev cob qhia tib neeg tib neeg ua tib zoo xav luam thawj phau ntawv los ntawm txhais tes. Ntau tus tswv yuav tuaj yeem ua haujlwm rau ib phau ntawv hauv ib zaug: ib daim ntawv npaj ntawm parchment, lwm tus siv zog sau ntawv rau lawv, tus thib peb ua haujlwm rau duab.
Kev faib ntxiv ntawm cov phau ntawv
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev sau ntawv nthuav dav thiab ntau dua thiab xav tau ntau phau ntawv. Parchment yog cov khoom siv kim dua, thiab yog li ntawd nws tsis tsim nyog los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm nws. Cov khoom siv no tau hloov los ntawm daim ntawv. Qhov twg thiab thaum nws tau tsim ua ntej yog qhov tsis zoo rau kev ntseeg siab tsim. Raws li qee qhov lus ceeb toom, hauv Suav teb, daim ntawv pib tau siv rau kev tsim cov ntawv hauv xyoo 1.
Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom siv no, zoo heev rau cov phau ntawv, pib tau tsim hauv Nyij Pooj, Kaus Lim Kauslim, Central Asia thiab Is Nrias teb. Cov ntawv tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe ncig lub xyoo pua 10. Cov hom zoo tshaj plaws uas tau siv los ua cov phau ntawv tau tsim los ntawm paj rwb lossis ntaub pua plag, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov ntoo zoo nkauj. Cov ntawv ua cov ntawv yog pheej yig dua li cov uas ua los ntawm parchment, thiab yog li ntawd kis tau ntau ntau ntxiv.
Phau ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev hloov pauv tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th, thaum tus tswv German Johannes Gutenberg tau tsim txoj kev luam ntawv thawj. Hauv nws lub tshuab luam ntawv, nws siv cov ntawv hlau thiab ib tus pas ntsuas, uas nws tau tuaj yeem ntaus tag nrho nplooj ntawv kuj nrawm. Tom qab ntawd cov tsiaj ntawv tau smeared nrog cov xim tshwj xeeb thiab cov lej uas xav tau ntawm cov ntawv luam tau ua rau ntawm daim ntawv. Txoj kev ntawm kev ua phau ntawv no tau nthuav tawm sai heev. Tom qab ntawd, cov phau ntawv tau dhau los ua cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntau yam.
