Ntawm cov ntau lub tsev teev ntuj nyob ze Moscow muaj ib lub tsev teev ntuj, uas yog feem ntau piv nrog Trinity-Sergius Lavra nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog lub hlaws ntawm Zvenigorod txheej thaum ub - Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, nrhiav tau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV. Lub keeb kwm ntawm tus txiv neej no lub tsev kawm ntawv yog inextricably txuas nrog txoj hmoo ntawm tus hauj sam, thiab tom qab ntawd tus txwj laus, Alexander Mezents.
Biography
Alexander Mezenets, nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm Stremoukhov, yog tus neeg tsis paub tab. Tsis yog ib daim duab ntawm nws lub ntsej muag tau tawm los txog niaj hnub no. Lub biography ntawm lub hauj sam yog yuav luag tsis paub. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Mezenets tuaj yeem kawm tau los ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj, uas nws tus kheej sau thiab muab rau ib tus ntawm nws tus khub.
Nws paub tias tus txwj laus nyob hauv 17 xyoo pua. Lub hnub yug tsis paub meej. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm tau nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws txiv ntawm qhov "murals" - cov phau ntawv ntawm cov neeg pabcuam. Sib piv cov ntaub ntawv, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau los txiav txim siab tias Mezenets tuaj ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntawm Stremoukhovs. Txiv lub npe hu ua John, nws yug nyob hauv lub nroog Novgorod-Seversky, ze rau Chernigov. Thaum nws lub neej, lub nroog no yog haiv neeg Polish. Nws yog qhov uas Mezenets nws tus kheej tau yug los nyob ntawd thiab. Nws txiv tau mus ua tub rog Cossack, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov txawv ntawm nws tus kheej thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog pab tub rog los ntawm Tseem Fwv thiab Crimea hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 17th.
Kwv yees li ntawm 1640s, Mezenets kawm ntawm Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Tom qab kawm tiav, nws tsiv mus rau Moscow. Tom qab ntawd nws tuaj rau Savvino-Storozhevskaya monastery. Cov hnub tim thiab qhov chaw ntawm Mezenz monastic tonsure tsis tau tsim. Nyob sab hauv ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev loj, nws yog tus kliroshanin (hu nkauj nkauj).
Mezenz muaj kev sau ntawv ib nrab ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo, yog li ntawd, nrog rau kev hu nkauj, nws tau koom nrog kev sau rov qab nuv. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov hnub lawv hu ua phau ntawv hu nkauj, nyob rau hauv uas zaj nkauj ntawm pawg ntseeg chants tau sau tsis yog nrog cov ntawv ib txwm, tab sis nrog hooks lossis chij - cov cim tshwj xeeb. Cov suab paj nruag zoo sib xws muaj nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia, tab sis los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 17th nws yuav luag tau txais txhua yam los ntawm Western European txoj kev sau ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, Cov Ntseeg Qub Qub tsis kam lees txais cov kab ke tshiab thiab dhau peb xyoo tom ntej lawv tau siv hooks hauv lawv cov nkauj sau, dhau ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias Old suab paj nruag nyeem ib tiam dhau ib tiam.
Nyob hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery, muaj rau daim ntawv sau cia ntawm phau ntawv hu nkauj tau tshwj tseg, hauv kev tsim qauv uas Mezenets tau koom.
Tej zaum nyob rau hauv 1668 Mezenets los ua tus laus ntawm Savvino-Storozhevsk monastery. Tsuas yog Lavxias Orthodox lub Koom Txoos tsis tuaj yeem txo nws, tsis zoo li lub qub Savva Storozhevsky lossis Seraphim Sarovsky.
Tus kheej lub neej
Alexander Mezenets tsis tau sib yuav. Nws tau ua ib tus neeg cog lus rau monastic, uas yog cog cov kev ua tiav ntawm txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog los ntawm kev coj zoo siab. Nyob rau hauv hnub ntawd hauv tebchaws Russia txoj kev tso tseg ntawm monasticism tsis muab rau los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Cov neeg uas khiav tawm yam tsis tau kev tso cai raug ntes thiab rov qab mus rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev txuas, thiab qee qhov raug tso rau hauv tsev loj cuj. Mezenets tau cog lus tias qhov kev cog lus ntawm kev xilethi-aus kom txog rau thaum hnub kawg ntawm nws lub hnub.
Tsim
Alexander Mezenets paub hauv cov voj voog nqaim uas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm pawg ntseeg sib tw (znamenny) hu nkauj. Nws suav tias yog ib tus neeg tau nyiam ua yeeb yam hauv cheeb tsam no.
Los ntawm nruab nrab-1660s, Mezenets pib kho cov ntawv sau cov nkauj rau kev hu nkauj. Hauv lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov lus, nyob rau hauv uas liturgical thiab cov phau ntawv teev cov lus qhuab qhia tau sau lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj cov ntawv luv luv super-luv. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv "b" thiab "b". Tom qab, lub suab ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws pib tsis muaj zog. Qhov xwm txheej no tau hu ua qhov poob ntawm qhov txo qis. Alexander Mezenets kho cov phau ntawv hu nkauj "rau hais lus", uas yog, nws tau coj cov nkauj hauv kev ua raws li kev nyeem ntawv, uas tsuas yog tsis suav hais tawm cov lus hais ntawm ib nrab vowels "b" thiab "b". Qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws kev ua hauj lwm colossal yog cov ntawv sau sau nrog hloov ua haujlwm Znamenny txheej thaum ub. Nws tau tawm hauv 1666.
Mezenets kho tau ntau ntau phau ntawv nyeem nrog chants, suav nrog:
- "Irmology";
- "Oktoich";
- "Obikhod".
Nyob rau xyoo 1669, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich tau tshaj tawm qhov kev lees paub ntawm Pawg Neeg Thib Ob rau kev kho cov phau ntawv hu nkauj "rau kev hais lus" thiab kev npaj rau luam tawm lub znamenny chant. Alexander Mezenets koom nrog nws, dhau los ua ib ntawm rau tus kws tshaj lij. Pab Neeg Saib Xyuas tau muaj qhov kev hu nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntau tshaj plaub caug xyoo. Ib xyoo dhau los, kev ua haujlwm ntawm connoisseurs tau pauv los ntawm tsab ntawv nuv rau Western European cov ntawv sau cia. Tej zaum, Mezenets kuj tau koom nrog thawj qhov Commission, tau teeb tsa xyoo 1652.
Lub apogee ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog "ABC ntawm Znamenny Singing", sau nyob rau hauv 1668. Nws ua rau muaj kev txhawb nqa loj rau cov kev xav ntawm znamenny hu nkauj thiab tau los ua phau ntawv nkaus xwb ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tau txaus siab rau cov kws tshawb nrhiav ntawm znamenny chant.
Cov nqi ntawm Mezenz niam ntawv lus dag hauv qhov tseeb tias nws muab cov lus teb rau ntau cov lus nug uas tseem tsis tau daws nyob ntev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus hauj sam tau ua qhov hloov kho tiag tiag hauv znamenny chanting.
Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, Mezenets thawj zaug:
- piav qhia lub ntsiab cai ntawm kev txiav suab sab cov suab;
- txwv kom muab cov ntawv loj;
- qhia cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov chij;
- tuaj txog cov kev xaiv rau kev luam tawm suab paj nruag font.
Hauv xyoo 1670, Mezenets dhau los ua tus thawj coj (kho sau ntawv) ntawm Moscow Lub Tsev Luam Ntawv. Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm pom zoo tias hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm no nws tau hloov tus thawj coj muaj npe zoo Alexander Pechersky.
Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm qhia tias Mezenets tau tsiv los ntawm Zvenigorod mus rau Moscow hauv 1670. Nws nyob hauv lub tshav puam ntawm Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Tverskaya Street niaj hnub. Nws kuj tau tuag nyob ntawd, kwv yees li xyoo 1672.
