Sphragistics kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab kev tsim cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, lossis theej, lawv cov hom phiaj thiab luam tawm. Qhov no yog koom nrog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, uas feem ntau qhib daim ntaub thaiv ntawm kev zais ntawm ntau yam xwm txheej hauv tebchaws Lavxias thaum ub. Piv txwv li, qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm qhov txawv tsis txawv ntawm Ivan lub Great ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tau tso cai rau cov tub xeeb ntxwv.
Cov kab ke ntawm kev kos npe cov ntaub ntawv nrog ib qho khoom pov thawj pom nyob rau hauv Russia tsuas yog hnub tim 17 thiab 18th pib. Nws tau qiv los ntawm cov tub luam los ntawm cov neeg lag luam ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, uas, txhawm rau kom ceev nrawm ntawm kev sib pauv ntawv, siv tsis yog tus kheej ciab kev ua kom zoo nkauj, tab sis cov duab tha xim. Txog rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, txhua tus neeg nplua nuj nyob hauv nroog tau siv tsev neeg cov ntaub ntawv foob, thiab lub tsev hais plaub huab tais tau siv koob meej thiab tom qab ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm kev sib khi, uas tau siv los txhawm rau ntug ntawm tsab ntawv kom nws tsis muaj peev xwm nyeem cov ntawv tsis muaj kev foob.
Keeb kwm luam tawm
Daim diploma, uas tau tso cai los ntawm Ivan the Great thib peb rau nws cov xeeb ntxwv, cov thawj coj Fyodor Borisovich thiab Ivan Borisovich, tsis muaj qhov txawv ntawm cov ntawv zoo sib xws uas tau muab los daws cov cai qub txeeg qub teg, nyiaj pab, pauv thiab lawb tawm. Tab sis nws yog tsab ntawv no uas tau muab ntim ua ntej los ntawm tus kheej lub cim ntawm Ivan lub Peb, uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab.
Nyob ntawm ob sab yog tus horseman pom tus muaj tis nab muaj ib rab hmuv. Ntawm sab xub ntiag muaj kab ntawv sau "Seal ntawm Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich". Tsis muaj duab nyob sab nraud, tsuas yog txuas ntxiv ntawm cov ntawv sau rau ntawm sab xub ntiag ntawm "Txhua lub Lavxias". Tus kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg hais tias tus horseman ntawm thawj lub cim yog St. George lub yeej xwb, tab sis nws cov duab yog tsis nco txiaj ntsig, tsis pub dawb, thiab yog li ntawd txawv ntawm cov kev xav uas tau tseg tom qab ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj.
Keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv luam
Thaum Ivan Lub Thib Peb tau ua tiav kev sib sau ua ke ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm cov thawj ntawm ib ncig ntawm Moscow, cov ntawv sau rau sab nraud ntawm lub foob tau ntxiv nrog "thiab Grand Duke ntawm Moscow, Vladimir, Vyatka, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Perm thiab Bulgarian."
Tsuas yog xyoo 1472, hauv lub xyoo ntawm kev tshoob nrog Sophia Palaeologus, ib daim duab nrog ob tus dav dawb hau, uas nws lub taub hau tau nrog cov yas, ntxiv mus rau sab tom qab ntawm hauv qab. Sophia Palaeologus yog tus xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus huab tais kawg ntawm Byzantine Constantine Palaeologus, thiab tom qab nws tus thawj coj ob tug dav dawb hau tau muab rau tebchaws Russia ua lub cim ntawm lub tebchaws poob.
Txij li thaum 1479, ntawm lub foob ntawm Ivan lub Peb, St. George lub yeej nyob rau hauv canonical embodiment tau xwm txheej ntawm obverse, tua ib tus nab nab uas muaj tis. Txij lub sijhawm ntawd, George the Victorious tau dhau los ua cim ntawm Moscow. Sab nraub qaum ntawm lub foob no yog lub dav dawb hau rau ob chav. Cov lus tau sau tseg tau khaws cia. Hauv daim ntawv no, lub foob tau raug ceev tseg hauv txoj cai kav ntawm Vasily III - tus tub ntawm Ivan lub Great, thiab tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Ivan Lub Terrible yog lub foob hloov pauv.
