Ib phau ntawv - xws li cov kev paub zoo rau ib tus neeg niaj hnub - muaj ntau nplooj ntawv. Yuav luag txhua nplooj ntawv muaj cov ntawv uas tus nyeem nyeem phau ntawv. Tab sis qee cov nplooj ntawv hauv phau ntawv muaj lawv lub npe.
Phau ntawv yog qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws rau cov neeg niaj hnub. Txij thaum yau los, tib neeg dhau los ntawm cov phau ntawv. Ua ntej, cov no yog cov ntawv nyeem me me, tom qab ntawd cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntxiv: cov ntawv tseeb, cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv nqaim tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv qhia thiab cov ntawv siv. Nws yuav zoo li tias dab tsi tuaj yeem tsis paub txog nyob hauv tus qauv ntawm cov ncauj lus zoo li phau ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov npe ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv tsis paub zoo rau txhua tus neeg.
Ib me ntsis los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm phau ntawv
Tej zaum, nws yuav tsis yog qhov yuam kev los hais tias phau ntawv tshwm nrog rau kev tawm tsam kev sau ntawv. Txawm hais tias, tau kawg, cov tsos ntawm cov ntawv sau sau tau txawv heev ntawm qhov uas tuaj yeem pom tam sim no ntawm cov phij cuam ntoo.
Tib neeg tau sau ntawv rau ntawm pob zeb, thiab saum phiaj phiaj hlau, thiab saum daim txiag av nplaum, thiab ntawm daim tawv ntoo, thiab sau tawv tsiaj.
Hauv tebchaws Iziv puag thaum ub, lawv tau sau rau ntawm cov ntawv papyrus, uas tom qab ntawd lawv maj mam ua ib qho ntxiv thiab zoo li scrolls. Scrolls kuj tseem siv tau tom qab, thaum ntawv twb tau tsim.
Ntau yam tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib sau rau ntawm nyias daim ntawv. Cov ntawv txheeb ua ke yog cov phau ntawv muaj tiag. Thaum xub thawj lawv tau sau ntawm tes. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 15 tias ib tus tsiaj ntawv tau tsim hauv Tebchaws Europe, nrog kev pabcuam uas nws tau tuaj yeem ntaus ntawv nyeem thiab luam tawm nws hauv ntau cov ntawv luam.
Ntau lub teb chaws hais tsis sib haum hauv qhov pib sau ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau lees paub inventor ntawm typesetting yog German Johannes Gutenberg.
Hauv tebchaws Lavxias, kev luam tawm phau ntawv tau tshwm sim li ntawm 16-caug xyoo. Xyoo 1564 Ivan Fedorov luam tawm phau ntawv "Tus Thwj Tim" hauv Moscow.
Dab tsi hauv phau ntawv muaj
Yog tias koj nqa txhua phau ntawv, thawj qhov koj tuaj yeem pom yog nws lub vov. Yog hais tias phau ntawv muaj qhov ntau ntawm nplooj ntawv, tom qab ntawd ntau zaus nws tsis muaj ntawv sau, tab sis yog tawv tawv. Qee zaum phau ntawv “hnav ris tsho” nyob rau hauv lub tsho uas hnav plua plav. Qhov no yog ua nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb zoo tshaj plaws thiab khoom plig.
Sai li cov ntawv npog yog folded rov qab, lub flyleaf yuav qhib. Ntau zaus dua tsis, nws tsuas yog cov ntawv dawb uas yog tuab dua li cov nplooj ntawv seem ntawm phau ntawv. Hauv cov phau ntawv kawm, daim ntawv no feem ntau tau sau nrog txhua yam ntawm cov khoom siv coj los siv.
Ntawm kev kis txuas ntxiv, ntawm sab xis, ib ntawm nplooj ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm phau ntawv yog nplooj ntawv qhia. Nws nyob ntawm nws tias tus sau lub npe, cov npe ntawm phau ntawv, lub npe ntawm tus tshaj tawm thiab xyoo ntawm qhov teeb meem tau qhia.
Cov ntawv sab laug rau sab laug ntawm nplooj ntawv npe hu ua frontispiece. Feem ntau qhov no tsuas yog ib nplooj ntawv dawb paug xwb, tab sis qee zaum sau duab ntawm tus sau phau ntawv, qee hom duab kos lossis kos npe yog muab tso rau ntawm nws.
Sab sab nraud ntawm nplooj ntawv muaj muaj avant-npe. Nov yog qhov chaw tawm ntawm phau ntawv mus. Nws lub npe yog qhia ntxiv thiab luv luv nqe lus ntxiv.
Tom ntej no los, qhov tseeb, cov ntawv nyeem ntawm phau ntawv nws tus kheej.
Qee zaum cov ntu ntawm phau ntawv tau muab cais los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv sib txawv, ntawm ib sab ntawm cov ntawv uas tau sau cov npe ntawm ntu lossis tshooj. Xws li daim ntawv hu ua "shmutstitul".
Yog tias phau ntawv muaj ntau yam haujlwm lossis cov tshooj cais, ces qhov no tau qhia hauv "Cov Txheej Txheem" lossis hauv "Txheem". Cov ntawv teev cov ntsiab lus yog nyob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm phau ntawv, lossis thaum pib.
Qee cov npe ntawm phau ntawv nplooj ntawv yuav zoo li nyuaj thiab txawv txawv. Qhov no yog qhov ntuj, vim lawv los ntawm Latin thiab German.
