Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th, thaum txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroog hauv nroog, kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai muab qhov kev xav tau rau phau ntawv loj. Cov kws sau ntawv hauv cov neeg thaum ub uas tau luam cov phau ntawv hauv lawv lub hlwb, tuaj yeem ua tsis tau raws li lawv lub sijhawm.
Qhov tsim muaj ntawm phau ntawv luam tawm
Qhov tsim tau ntawm kev luam ntawv tau pom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg. Nws tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig 1445 los ntawm tus neeg nyob hauv lub nroog German ntawm Mainz, tus muag nyiaj kub Johann Gutenberg (c. 1400-1468).
Gutenberg yog thawj zaug nyob hauv Europe siv cov ntawv luam ntawv luam ntawv nrog txav cov tsiaj ntawv hlau rau luam ntawv.
Ntxiv rau qhov kev tsim muaj ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm nws tus kheej, Gutenberg cov kev nthuav dav suav nrog ntau tus cwj pwm kev nrhav tshiab. Nws tsim lub ntsej muag ua kom tsis txhob sib tsoo, hom ntaus cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov ntawv sau, thiab txawm tias muaj pes tsawg leeg tshwj xeeb ntawm luam ntawv number case.
Los ntawm 40s ntawm 15 xyoo pua. keeb kwm xam pom qhov kev sim ua ntej ntawm luam ntawv. Gutenberg cov kws cuv npe kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm kom nrawm tshaj tawm lawv tus kws qhia kev tsim kho mus rau Tebchaws Europe.
Gutenberg bible
Nyob hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 50s, thawj phau ntawv luam tawm tau luam tawm hauv Mainz. Nws yog ib phau ntawv sau tau zoo tshaj 42 nplooj ntawv phau ntawv uas yog phau ntawv sau tau zoo tshaj plaws. Nws tau muab hu ua Gutenberg Bible.
Kev lig kev cai, nws yog suav tias yog qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm typography hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Phau ob - 32-nplooj ntawv Vajtswv nyob ib puag ncig 1458-1460. thiab tau txais lub npe "Bamberg Bible".
Ntawm thawj cov phau ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Gutenberg yog Donatus, kev pib sau cov qauv ntawm Latin cov lus los ntawm Roman tus sau Elius Donatus. Donat yog thawj phau ntawv qhia rau txhua tus neeg tau txais kev paub los ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, Latin yog cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tseem nyob rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Yog li, "Donats" nyob rau hauv xyoo pua 15. ntau qhov zoo tau luam tawm, tab sis mus rau hnub no hauv kev zam tsis muaj ntau tshaj 365 tshooj tau muaj txoj sia nyob.
Rau cov phau ntawv rau kev kawm theem pib, muaj kev ua haujlwm scholarly. Ua haujlwm los ntawm Roman cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm: "Geography" los ntawm Strabo, "Natural History" los ntawm Pliny, "Geography" los ntawm Greek tus kws tshawb fawb Pliny. Euclid nrov Cov Ntsiab Lus ntawm Geometry tau luam tawm 6-7 zaug hauv ib xyoos.
Luam tawm nyob rau hauv 15th caug xyoo. kuj ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Roman thiab Greek yav dhau los: "Iliad" thiab "Odyssey" los ntawm Homer, "Composrative Biographies" ntawm Plutarch. Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg sau ntawm XIV-XV xyoo pua tau muab luam tawm: "The Divine Comedy" los ntawm Dante, cov kwv huam los ntawm Francesco Petrarca thiab Villon, sau ntawm cov dab neeg los ntawm Giovanni Boccaccio "The Decameron".
Incunabula phau ntawv
Cov phau ntawv luam tawm ua ntej Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 31, 1500 tau hu ua incunabula - "lullaby phau ntawv". Yav thaum ntxov, lawv tau ris zoo ib yam rau ntawm phau ntawv sau ntawv. Cov lus tshaj tawm, cov tsiaj ntawv loj, cov ntxaij txaij sib txuam thiab cov duab xaus tsis tau luam tawm thaum xub thawj, tab sis tau ua tiav. Thiab tsuas yog maj mam pib ntawm tes sau ntawv muab txoj hauv kev los sau cov ntawv sau, uas tau txua ntoo los ntawm ntoo, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm tooj liab.
Thawj phau ntawv, zoo li cov ntawv sau tau sau, tsis muaj nplooj npe. Lub ntsiab lus thiab tus sau tau qhia qhov kawg. Tsuas yog thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15.
tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tau pib tshwm rau thawj nplooj.
Cov ntawv sau loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov incunabula yog sau niaj hnub no hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej British hauv London, hauv Asmeskas Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Congress hauv Washington thiab hauv National Library hauv Paris.
Tseem muaj kev sau ntawm incunabula hauv Lavxias. Muab khaws cia hauv Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Phau Ntawv Muaj Tsawg Hauv Lub Xeev Cov Tsev Qiv Ntawv muaj npe tom qab M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin hauv St. Petersburg. Rau lawv qhov kev cia khoom, nyob rau lub xyoo pua xeem, "Txee ntawm Faust" tau nruab rau hauv cov style ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv nruab nrab.
Qhov tsim ntawm phau ntawv luam tawm tau muaj thiab tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev nyob rau kev tsim kho ntawm noob neej.
